Workplace Violence, 1992-96
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Special Report
July 1998, NCJ 168634
By Greg Warchol, Ph.D.
BJS Statistician
Data from the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) for
1992-96 indicate that during each year U.S. residents
experienced more than 2 million violent victimizations while
they were working or on duty. The most common type of workplace
violent crime was simple assault with an estimated average of
1.5 million victimizations occurring each year. While at work
U.S. residents also suffered 395,000 aggravated assaults, 51,000
rapes and sexual assaults, 84,000 robberies, and 1,000
homicides.
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Highlights
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Figure: Selected occupations with a larger number of violent
victimizations
Average annual number of violent victimizations in the
workplace, 1992-96
Retail sales 292482
Law enforcement 240480
Teaching 138124
Medical 133012
Mental health 80711
Transportation 73894
Private security 61790
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* Each year between 1992 and 1996, more than 2 million U.S.
residents were victims of a violent crime while they were at
work or on duty.
* More than 1,000 workplace homicides occurred annually.
* The most common type of workplace victimization was simple
assault with an estimated 1.4 million occurring each year. U.S.
residents also suffered 51,000 rapes and sexual assaults and
about 84,000 robberies while they were at work.
* Annually, more than 230,000 police officers became victims of
a nonfatal violent crime while they were working or on duty.
* About 40% of victims of nonfatal violence in the workplace
reported that they knew their offenders.
* Women were more likely than men to be victimized by someone
they knew.
* Approximately 12% of the nonfatal violent workplace crimes
resulted in an injury to the victim. Of those injured,
about half received medical treatment.
* Intimates (current and former spouses, boyfriends, and
girlfriends) were identified by the victims as the perpetrators
of about 1% of all workplace violent crime.
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Workplace violence
------------------
In this report workplace violence is defined as violent acts
against a person at work or on duty, including physical assaults
(rape and sexual assault and aggravated and simple assault) and
robbery. Attempts are included with completed victimizations.
(See Definitions on pages 7-8 for explanations of each offense.)
The phrases at work and on duty are used synonymously for the
term workplace.
While this report is mainly concerned with nonfatal violence as
measured by the NCVS, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are included as a
supplement to describe the nature and scope of workplace
homicide. UCR data on commercial robberies are also included.
Unless otherwise noted as including homicide, all tables only
describe nonfatal workplace violence.
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The amount and nature of violent crime in the workplace
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Each year from 1992 to 1996, more than 2 million U.S. residents
experienced a violent crime victimization while they were
working or on duty (table 1). The most common type of
victimization was assault, with an estimated 1.5 million simple
assaults and 396,000 aggravated assaults reported annually.
Each year there were 84,000 robberies, about 51,000 rapes or
sexual assaults, and more than 1,000 workplace homicides.
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Table 1. Victims of violence in the workplace, 1992-96
Victimization
in the workplace All victimizations
Annual average Percent Annual average Percent
Total 2010800 100.0 10868900 100.0
Homicide* 1023 0.05 22568 0.2
Rape and sexual
assault 50500 2.5 466900 4.3
Robbery 83700 4.2 1274500 11.7
Aggravated assault 395500 19.7 2364600 21.7
Simple assault 1480000 73.6 6740300 62.0
*Homicide data from the FBI's UCR include murder and nonnegligent
manslaughter.
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Victim characteristics
----------------------
Among people victimized while working or on duty, male victims
outnumbered females by about 2 to 1 (table 2). Nearly 9 in 10 of
victims of workplace violence were white. Fewer than 10% of the
workplace violence victims were black. About 70% of the victims
were between ages 25 and 49, and fewer than 10% of the victims were
over age 50.
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Table 2. Characteristic of workplace
violence victims, 1992-96
Victim
characteristic Percent
Total 100.0
Sex
Male 66.8
Female 33.2
Race
White 88.6
Black 8.9
Other 2.5
Ethnicity*
Hispanic 6.6
Non-Hispanic 92.1
Age
12 to 17 2.4
18 to 24 17.9
25 to 34 32.9
35 to 49 37
50 to 59 7.2
60 to 64 1.5
65 or older 1.1
*Ethnicity was unknown for
1.3% of victims of workplace
violence.
-------------------------------------
While females made up the majority of rape/sexual assault
victims (83%), males were more likely than females to be victims
of robbery and simple and aggravated assault.
Rape/ Assault
Sexual Rob- Aggra-
assault bery vated Simple
Male 16.7% 72.0% 74.4% 66.1%
Female 83.3 28.0 25.6 33.9
More than half of the violent crime victimizations happened to
individuals who worked for a private employer (table 3). While
government employees make up approximately 16% of the U.S.
workforce, about 37% of the victims of workplace violence were
employed by a Federal, State, or county government organization.
Annually about 430,000 of the workplace violence victims
identifying their occupation stated they were employed by a
government law enforcement agency or private security
organization (table 4). Among these, an estimated 234,000 police
officers and 71,100 private security guards were victims of
workplace violent crime each year. The victimization of law
enforcement officers accounts for the over representation of
government employees as workplace violence victims.
-----------------------------------------
Table 3. Employers of workplace violence
victims, 1992-96
Victims of violence
in the workplace
Number* Percent
Private employer 1127800 56.1
State/local
government 677600 33.7
Self-employed 134500 6.7
Federal Government 62900 3.1
Not ascertained 35100 0.3
*Annual average, 1992-96.
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Table 4. Occupations of victims of nonfatal
workplace violence, 1992-96
Victims of workplace
nonfatal violence
Annual Number per
Occupation average 1,000 workers
Total/a 2009400 14.8
Medical
Physicians 10000 15.7
Nurses 69500 24.8
Technician 24500 21.4
Other 56800 10.7
Mental health
Professional 50300 79.5
Custodial 8700 63.3
Other 43500 64.0
Teaching
Preschool/b 2400 3.6
Elementary 35400 16.0
Junior high 47300 57.4
High school 33300 28.9
College/university 6600 2.5
Technical/industrial/b 400 4.4
Special education 9000 40.7
Other 14400 10.1
Law enforcement
Police 234200 306.0
Private security 71100 117.3
Corrections officer 58300 217.8
Other 67600 61.5
Retail sales
Convenience/
liquor store 61500 68.4
Gas station 15500 79.1
Bar 26400 91.3
Other 228200 17.5
Transportation
Taxi driver 16100 183.8
Bus driver 17200 45.0
Other 43200 10.0
Other/unspecified 758000 8.2
Note: Rates are calculated using population
estimates from the NCVS for occupation, 1992-96.
Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
a/The total for specified occupations was
1,251,400, with 29.4 victims of workplace
violence per 1,000 workers.
b/Fewer than 10 sample cases.
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Annually, 330,000 retail sales workers became victims of
workplace violence. These included an estimated 61,000
convenience/liquor store clerks and 26,000 bartenders. More
than 160,000 workers in the medical occupations including an
estimated 70,000 nurses, 24,000 technicians, and about 10,000
physicians were victimized each year.
Teachers accounted for about 149,000 of all workplace
victimizations each year. An estimated 33,000 high school,
35,000 elementary, and 47,000 junior high/middle school teachers
were victims of a violent crime while working or on duty.
Of the occupations examined, law enforcement had the highest
rates of workplace violence while teaching had the lowest.
Police officers experienced 306 victimizations for every 1,000
officers; corrections officers in prisons or jails, 218 per 1,000.
College or university teaching was the occupation with the lowest
rate of violence at work: 2.5 per 1,000 teachers.
How often victims were assaulted at work was related to their
occupation (table 5). Public law enforcement and private
security workers experienced the most workplace assaults each
year -- an estimated 327,000 simple assaults and nearly 100,000
aggravated assaults. Transportation workers suffered the fewest
assaults -- an estimated 45,000 simple assaults and 17,000
aggravated assaults.
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Table 5. Workplace assaults,
by occupation, 1992-96
Average annual
number of assaults
Simple Aggravated
Medical 137500 12800
Teaching 126500 16800
Mental health 79000 15300
Law enforcement 326900 98500
Transportation 45200 17400
Retail sales 215700 90700
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Assaults on police
Both the NCVS and the UCR recorded recent decreases in the
number of nonfatal assaults on police (figure 1). In 1996
police officers reported to the NCVS about 152,000 assaults,
and agencies reported 47,000 such assaults to the UCR.
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Figure 1 Number of assaults on police officers
UCR NCVS
1992 81252 263257
1993 66975 261601
1994 64912 237815
1995 56686 227518
1996 46695 176096
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The higher levels in the NCVS data are partially attributable to
the survey's recording assaults that victimized officers did not
report to their superiors. These were possibly the less serious
assaults in which officers were not injured: 87% of all
assaults did not result in an injury. The difference between
the UCR and the NCVS data is less distinct when comparing
assaults on police officers resulting in injury --
victimizations that officers may be more prone to report to
their superiors.
Annual average
number of assaults
injuring police officers
NCVS 30,304
UCR 21,604
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Response to workplace violence
-------------------------------
When confronted by the offender, about 27% of the workplace
violence victims did not resist (table 6). The most common
reaction of victims was nonconfrontational actions such as
trying to stall, persuade, or bargain with the offender, or
fleeing or hiding from the offender. Fewer than 4% of the
victims resisted with a weapon.
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Table 6. Reactions to the violence
by victims in the workplace, 1992-96
Reaction Percent
Total 100.0
Offered no resistance 27.3
Nonconfrontational act 29.6
Unarmed confrontation 20.9
Resisted with--
Firearm 1.4
Other actions/weapons 1.7
Other 19.1
Unknown 0.1
Note: Detail may not add to total
because of rounding.
-------------------------------------
Among workplace violence victims who took some type of
self-protective action, more than 80% stated that they thought
it helped the situation.
Value of response Percent of victims
Total 100.0%
Helped situation 84.1
Did not help 12.4
Don't know 3.5
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Injury from workplace violence
-------------------------------
As with street crime, workplace violence can result in injured
victims. Twelve percent of all victims of workplace violence
reported having been physically injured.
Victim injury Total Males Females
Injured 12.0% 11.3% 13.2%
Uninjured 88.0 88.7 86.8
Victims of certain types of violent crime, however, sustained a
slightly, though not statistically significant, higher incidence
of injury. Victims of rape or sexual assault suffered
additional injury in 19% of the reported victimizations (table
7). About 17% of victims of robbery or aggravated assault were
injured, compared to 10% of victims of simple assault.
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Table 7. Injured victims of workplace violence, by type
of offense, 1992-96
Percent of victims of workplace violence
Injury to Rape/Sexual Aggravated Simple
victims assault Robbery assault assault
Injured 19.3 17.4 17.3 10
Uninjured 80.7 82.6 82.7 90
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About 6% of all workplace crimes resulted in the victim being
injured and receiving medical treatment -- either at the scene
or at a medical facility.
Treatment Percent
Total 100.0%
Not injured 88.0
Injured but not treated 6.1
Treated at the scene 2.3
Treated at a medical facility 3.6
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Offense and offender characteristics
------------------------------------
More than 60% of the workplace violent victimizations occurred
during daylight hours.
Time
of occurrence Percent
Total 100.0%
Day 62.3
Night 36.2
Don't know 1.4
The majority of workplace violence incidents (56%) happened to
individuals working in cities. Individuals working in rural
parts of the country accounted for about 11% of the incidents of
violence at work.
Location Percent
Total 100.0%
City 56.5
Suburb 14.6
Rural 10.8
More than one 17.7
Not ascertained .4
The relationship between the victim and the offender may be of
special interest with crime that occurs in the workplace. In
addition to strangers, workplace crime has been in part
attributed to disgruntled current or former employees and
domestic disputes involving intimates (current and former
spouses, boyfriends and girlfriends).
The majority of all workplace violent crime was committed by a
stranger to the victim (table 8). A higher percentage of men
(66%) than women (47%) were victimized by a stranger. Intimates
were identified as the perpetrators in fewer than 1% of all
incidents of workplace violence. Female victims reported that
their attackers were intimates in about 2% of all offenses.
Female victims were also more likely than male victims to
report that their attackers were acquaintances (46%, compared to
30%).
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Table 8. Victim-offender relationship of victims
of workplace violence, 1992-96
Relationship of Percent of workplace violence victims
offender to victim Total Male Female
Total 100 100 100
Intimate 0.9 0.2* 2.2
Other relative 0.5 0.2* 1.0
Acquaintance 35.3 29.9 46.2
Stranger 59.6 65.9 47.0
Unknown 3.6 3.7 3.5
Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
*Fewer than 10 sample cases.
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When asked about the offenders, over 84% of workplace violence
victims stated that the incident involved only one offender.
Number
of offenders Percent
1 84.7%
2 6.2
3 2.4
4 or more 3.5
Not ascertained 3.1
Forty-three percent of the robberies were committed by more than
one offender (table 9). About 11% of the rapes and 9% of the
simple assaults involved multiple offenders.
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Table 9. Number of workplace violence offenders,
by type of crime, 1992-9
Annual average percent of victims
of workplace violence
Number of Rape/Sexual Aggravated Simple
offenders assault Robbery assault assault
Total 100 100 100 100
1 85.1 53.8 77.1 88.2
More than 1 10.9 43.0 19.0 8.9
Not ascertained 4.0 3.1 3.9 2.9
Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
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Those who committed workplace violence were predominately male,
white, and older than 21 (table 10). Among workplace crimes for
which victims reported just one perpetrator, more than 80% of
the offenders were males, 58% were white, and 47% were over age
30.
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Table 10. Characteristic of offenders
who committed workplace violence, 1992-96
Percent of victims
Characteristic of of workplace violence
offender by lone offenders
Sex
Male 82.9
Female 14.1
Unknown 2.9
Race
White 58.4
Black 29.0
Other 8.1
Not ascertained 4.4
Age
Under 12 1.9
12 to 17 10.0
18 to 20 6.6
21 to 29 29.4
30 or older 47.0
Not ascertained 5.1
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About 20% of violent incidents in the workplace involved an
armed offender (table 11). A firearm was used in fewer than 10%
of all workplace violent crimes. The likelihood of a victim's
being threatened or injured by an armed offender reflected the
vulnerability of the victim's occupation (table 12). One in
three incidents of violence against transportation workers were
committed by an offender who had a gun, knife, or other weapon.
One in four retail sales workers reported that the offender was
armed during the incidents they experienced. Of those incidents
examined, medical care workers faced an armed offender in 7% of
violent crimes.
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Table 11. Weapons present in workplace
violence, 1992-96
Percent of
Type of weapon violent victimizations
present in the workplace
None 73.4
Unknown 6.2
Some type 20.4
Firearm 7.5
Knife 6.0
Club, bottle, stick,
or other object used
as a weapon 6.0
Unknown type 1.0
Note: Detail may not add to totals
because of rounding.
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Table 12. Whether the offender in workplace violence was armed,
by occupation of the victim, 1992-96
Percent of violent victimizations in the workplace
Whether Law Trans-
the offender Mental enforce- porta-
was armed Medical health Teaching ment Retail tion Other
Armed 7.2 14.9 11.9 21.5 26.6 34.3 20.6
Unarmed 89.2 83.5 82.4 75.1 65.6 55.3 71.9
Unknown 3.5 1.6* 5.7 3.4 7.9 10.4 7.6
*Fewer than 10 sample cases.
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Outcomes
--------
Fewer than half of all nonfatal violent workplace crimes were
reported to the police (table 13). Male victims (47%) were more
likely than female victims (38%) to report the offense to the
police. About 25% of the rapes and sexual assaults were reported
to the police while nearly 73% of the robberies were reported.
An injured victim was more likely than an uninjured victim to
report the crime to the police. Sixty percent of the injured
victims, but 42% of the uninjured, reported the offense to the
police. About 61% of the victimizations committed by an
intimate of the victim (spouse/ex-spouse or boy/girlfriend) were
reported to the police.
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Table 13. Reporting of workplace violence
to the police, by sex of victim, offense, injury,
and victim-offender relationship, 1992-96
Percent of violent
crimes in the workplace
Workplace violence reported to the police
All 44.2
Sex of victim
Male 47.0
Female 38.4
Offense
Rape 25.3
Robbery 72.8
Aggravated assault 60.8
Simple assault 39.2
Injury of victim
Injured 60.0
Uninjured 42.2
Victim-offender relationship
Intimate 60.7
Stranger/acquaintance 44.0
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When questioned about why they did not report the offense,
workplace violence victims gave as their most common reason that
they reported it to another official (29%). This other official
may have been a supervisor or the security personnel of the
organization for which they worked. Another 19% stated that the
violence was not important enough to report to the police.
Reason for not reporting Percent of
workplace violence victims who
to the police did not report
Reported to another official 29.4%
Private or personal matter 20.6
Not important enough 18.9
Police could/would not do anything 5.1
Afraid of the offender 1.8
Inconvenient 1.2
Do not know .5
Other reason 20.5
No one reason more important 2.0
Of all workplace violence incidents reported to the police, 37%
resulted in the eventual arrest or charging of an offender for
the victimization between the time of the incident and the
interview with the victim (table 14).
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Table 14. Whether offender in workplace violence was arrested,
by offense, 1992-96
Percent of incidents reported to the police
Outcome All Rape Robbery Aggravated assault Simple assault
assault
Arrested 37.4 30.0 22.8 44.1 36.5
Not arrested 57.3 64.7 68.7 48.4 59.3
Unknown 5.3 5.3 8.4 7.5 4.2
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-----------------------------------------
Figure 2: The number of violent victimizations in the
workplace declined 21% from a peak of 2.2 million
in 1994 to 1.7 million in 1996
Number of violent
victimizations in millions
1992 2.163879 10.896
1993 2.077988 10.53158
1994 2.182529 11.0311
1995 1.894272 10.02193
1996 1.730289 9.125
The decrease in violent victimization in the workplace
between 1994 and 1996 was similar to the 17% decline in
violent crime overall during the period.
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Workplace homicide
------------------
Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that homicide
was the second leading cause of death in the workplace between
1992 and 1996 (figure 3) with more than 1,000 murders occurring
each year. The work-place homicides accounted for about 1 of
every 6 fatal occupational injuries.
--------------------------------------------------
Figure 3 Homicide accounts for about 17% of all
deaths in the workplace
Fatal accidents Homicide
1992 6217 1044
1993 6331 1074
1994 6632 1080
1995 6275 1036
1996 6112 912
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992-96
--------------------------------------------------
Firearms were used to commit more than 80 percent of all
workplace homicides between 1992 and 1996. About 20 percent of
the homicides were the result of bombings, stabbings, or
beatings. This figure includes the deaths of employees among
the 168 who died in the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal
Building in Oklahoma City.
Annual average percent
of workplace homicides,
Weapon 1992-96
Firearm 83.7%
Bomb or other 11.4
Knife 7.8
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Fatal Occupational
Injuries by Event or Exposure, 1992-96.
From 1993 to 1996 males were the majority of workplace homicide
victims (table 15). Each year an average of 710 whites and 191
blacks were murdered while working. About 143 workplace
homicide victims each year were of Hispanic origin. Most
workplace homicide victims were between ages 25 and 44.
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Table 15. Characteristics of workplace homicide victims, 1993-96
Selected characteristic of victims
of workplace homicide Annual average number
Male 821
Female 196
White 710
Black 191
American Indian, Alaska
Native, Asian, or Pacific Islander 106
Other 60
Hispanic 143
Younger than age 20 30
20-24 85
25-34 261
35-44 264
45-54 198
55-64 115
Age 65 or older 63
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries, 1993-96
Between 1993 and 1996 most workplace homicides -- an average of
nearly 760 each year -- were the result of a robbery (figure 4).
About 100 workplace homicides a year were attributed to the
victim's coworkers or customers. Personal acquaintances of
homicide victims were identified as perpetrators in about
50 workplace murders each year.
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Figure 4 Each year from 1993 to 1996 nearly 800
workplace homicides were the result of a robbery
Victim and circumstance of homicide Average annual number
Employees in robberies/other crimes 757
Employees by co-workers/customers 112
Police in the line of duty 56
Security guards in the line of duty 48
Employees by personal acquaintances 45
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1993-96
--------------------------------------------------------------
Of select occupations sales workers experienced the highest
number of workplace homicides -- an average of 327 each year
from 1993 to 1996 (figure 5). Annually, 74 taxi drivers and
chauffeurs were murdered while working or on duty. About 70 law
enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty each year.
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Figure 5: Most workplace homicide victims were employed
in retail sales
Occupation of victim Average annual number
Sales 327
Executive/manager 154
Law enforcement 69
Security guard 60
Taxi driver/chauffeur 74
Truck driver* 25
*Based on 1993 and 1995-96.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1993-96
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Methodology
-----------
Except as noted, the data for this report come from the 1992 to
1996 National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS). The NCVS is
an annual survey of about 46,000 households and 95,000
individuals age 12 or older. It obtains information about
crimes, including those not reported to the police, from a
continuous, nationally representative sample of households in
the United States.
Respondents who reported that they were a victim of a violent
crime while working or on duty represent the sample for this
report. This sample does not include those crime victims who
stated that they were on their way to or from work. Customers
affected by violence at a workplace also were not included in
the analysis. Because the NCVS does not measure murder, the
homicide data included in this report were drawn from the FBI's
Uniform Crime Reports and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. While
some trends are presented, most data are presented in the
aggregate. Using aggregate data from 5 years for this report
makes possible more reliable estimates.
The estimates in this report are not directly comparable to
those in Violence and Theft in the Workplace (BJS Crime Data
Brief, NCJ 148199, July 1994). The differences reflect changes
in survey methodology introduced by the 1992 redesign of the
NCVS.
Research prior to the redesign indicated that a substantial
proportion of certain types of crimes were not recounted. In
general, the redesigned survey gives respondents additional cues
to encourage recall of eligible crime events. These changes
achieved the intended effect of producing higher and more
accurate estimates of violent crime than had resulted from the
previously used procedures. For a detailed explanation, see
Effects of the Redesign on Victimization Estimates (BJS
Technical Report, NCJ 164381, April 1997).
Definitions
Aggravated assault: Attack or attempted attack with a weapon,
regardless of whether or not an injury occurred and attack
without a weapon when serious injury occurs.
Simple assault: Attack without a weapon resulting either in no
injury, minor injury, or in undetermined injury requiring less
than 2 days of hospitalization. Also includes attempted assault
without a weapon.
Robbery: Completed or attempted theft, directly from a person,
of property or cash by force or threat, with or without a
weapon, and with or without injury.
Rape: Forced sexual intercourse including both psychological
coercion as well as physical force. Includes attempted rapes,
male as well as female victims, and both heterosexual and
homosexual rape.
Sexual assault: A wide range of victimizations, separate from
rape or attempted rape. These crimes include attacks or
attempted attacks generally involving unwanted sexual contact
between victim and offender. Sexual assault also includes verbal
threats.
Intimates: Includes spouses, ex-spouses and current and former
boyfriends and girlfriends. The relationship is defined by
the respondent.
Acquaintances: Includes friends, former friends, roommates or
boarders, schoolmates, neighbors, someone at work, or some other
known non-relative.
Relatives: Includes parents and step-parents, children and
stepchildren, siblings and other relatives.
Stranger: Someone not known to the victim.
Rounding of percentages
Percentages in the tables may not add to 100% because of
rounding.
Computation of standard errors
The results in this report were tested to determine if the
observed differences between groups were statistically
significant.
The comparisons made in this report were tested to determine
whether the observed differences between groups or over time
were statistically significant. Comparisons mentioned in the report
passed a hypothesis test at the 0.05 level of statistical
significane (or the 95-percent confidence level.) This means
that the estimated difference between comparisons was greater than
twice the standard error of that difference.
The standard error calculations were made using statistical
programs specifically developed for the NCVS by the U.S. Bureau
of the Census. These programs take into account the complex
sample design of the NCVS when calculating the generalized
variance estimates.
Though 5 years of data are covered in this report, some
estimates were based on relatively small numbers. This is noted
in tables where estimates are based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
Because standard errors cannot be accurately computed for such
estimates, it is not advisable to compare them to other
estimates. Caution should also be used when comparing estimates
not specifically mentioned in the text of this report. Large
differences may not be statistically significant at even the
90-percent confidence level.
----------------------------
Box: Determining occupation
for the NCVS
----------------------------
The victim reported his or her job at the time of the
victimization by answering question 138 on the
NCVS Incident Report.
Occupation Variable (No. 138)
Q. Which of the following best describes your job
at the time of the incident?
Medical Profession
1. Physician
2. Nurse
3. Technician
4. Other
Mental Health Service Field --
Are your duties --
5. Professional (social worker/
psychiatrist)
6. Custodial care
7. Other
Teaching Profession --
Were you employed in a --
8. Preschool
9. Elementary
10. Junior high or middle school
11. High school
12. College or university
13. Technician or industrial school
14. Special education facility
15. Other
Law Enforcement or Security
Field --
Were you employed as a--
16. Law enforcement officer
17. Prison or jail guard
18. Security guard
19. Other
Retail Sales--
Were you employed as a --
20. Convenience or liquor store
clerk
21. Gas station attendant
22. Bartender
23. Other
Transportation Field --
Were you employed as a --
24. Bus driver
25. Taxi cab driver
26. Other
or
27. Something else
----------
References
----------
BJS. Effects of the Redesign on Victimization Estimates,
Technical Report, NCJ 164381, April 1997.
BJS. Violence and Theft in the Workplace, Crime Data Brief, NCJ
148199, July 1994.
FBI. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 1994 and
1996.
FBI. Crime in the United States 1996.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor.
Fatal Occupational Injuries by Event or Exposure, 1992-96.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of
the U.S. Department of Justice. Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D., is
director.
BJS Special Reports address a specific topic in depth from one
or more data sets that cover many topics.
Greg Warchol, Ph.D., wrote this report. Cathy Maston provided
statistical review. Tom Hester produced and edited the report.
Marilyn Marbrook, assisted by Jayne Robinson and Yvonne Boston,
administered final production.
June 1998, NCJ 168634
This report and its data are available on the Internet:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/
The National Archive of Criminal Justice Data can provide
computer readable files from the National Crime Victimization
Survey and the Uniform Crime Reports. The archive can be
accessed through the BJS Web site.
7/26/98
th
revised 7/28/98 th
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