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Field Manual |
*FM 5-484 |
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Navy Facilities Engineering Air Force Manual |
HEADQUARTERS |
FM 5-484 |
MULTISERVICE PROCEDURES FOR WELL-DRILLING OPERATIONS |
Table of Contents
Foreword
List of Figures and Tables
Preface
PART ONE - BASICS
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1-1. Field Water Supply
1-2. Water Detection
Responsibilities
Procedures
Equipment
1-3. Well Drilling
Forward Deployed Forces in a Developed TO
Permanent or Semipermanent Fixed Installation Forces in a Developed TO
Combat Zone (Corps Level and Below)
Communications Zone (EAC)
1-4. Well Drilling Teams
Army
Navy
Air Force
Chapter 2 - Groundwater
2-1. Fundamentals
2-2. Hydrologic Cycle
Recharge and Discharge
Water Storage
2-3. Groundwater Occurrence
2-4. Geological Setting
Unconsolidated Deposits (Soil)
Consolidated Deposits (Rock)
2-5. Groundwater Hydraulics
Porosity
Permeability
Specific Yield and Retention
Transmissivity
Yield and Drawdown
Hydraulic Gradient
Aquifer Tests
2-6. Aquifers
Unconfined
Confined
Perched
Catchment
Material
2-7. Groundwater Exploration
Reservoir Indicators
Boundary Indicators
Surface Indicators
2-8. Desert Environments
2-9. Water Quality
Aquifer Contamination
Saltwater Intrusion
Groundwater Contamination
Chapter 3 - Field Operations
3-1. Team Concept
Commander
Driller
Helper
3-2. Team Planning, Coordination, and Preparation
3-3. Deploying Teams
3-4. Site Preparation
3-5. Equipment
600-Foot WDS
CF-15-S Drilling System
3-6. Transportation
600-Foot WDS
CF-15-S Drilling System
3-7. Drill-Rig Setup
3-8. Drilling Fluid
3-9. Well-Drilling Operations
Starting the Operation
Finishing the Operation
3-10. Sampling and Logging
3-11. Casing and Well Screen
Surface Casing
Screening
Filtering and Backfilling
3-12. Well Development
3-13. Sanitary Seals
3-14. Pumping Tests
Chapter 4 - Pumps
4-1. Fundamentals
Pump Types
Selection Criteria
4-2. Shallow-Well Pumps
Pitcher Pump
Rotary Pump
Centrifugal Pump
Self-Priming Pump
4-3. Deep-Well Pumps
Submersible Pump
Turbine Pump
Helical-Rotor Pump
Jet Pump
4-4. Air-Lift Pumps
Principle
Installation Design
PART TWO - WELL DRILLING
Chapter 5 - Well-Drilling Methods
5-1. Mud Rotary Drilling
Rotary Rigs
Drill Bits
Rotary Operation
Variables
Drilling Fluids
Rotary Drilling Problems
5-2. Air Rotary Drilling
Air Supply
Foamers
5-3. Percussion Drilling
Equipment
Power
Procedure
Adjusting to Variables
5-4. Reverse Circulation
Advantages and Disadvantages
Rig Configuration
5-5. Drilling Information
Driller's Log
Soil Sampling
Chapter 6 - Well-Installation Procedures
6-1. Setting Casing
6-2. Selecting Casing
6-3. Installing Casing
Open-Hole Method
Single-String Method
Wash-In Method (Jetted Wells)
Driven Method (Driven Wells)
Uncased-Interval Method
6-4. Grouting and Sealing Casing
Dump-Bailer Method
Inside-Tremie Method
Outside-Tremie Method
6-5. Selecting Screens
Types
Lengths
Diameters
Slot Sizes
6-6. Installing Screen
Single-String Method
Pull-Back Method
Open-Hole Method
Washdown Method
Bail-Down Method
6-7. Placing Gravel
Open-Hole Placement
Tremie Placement
Bail-Down Placement
Double-Casing Placement
6-8. Using Alternative Methods
Formation Stabilizer
Unscreened Well
Chapter 7 - Well-Completion Procedures
7-1. Well Development
Jetting Method
Pump-Surge Method
Gravity-Outflow Method
Pressure-Pumping Method
Surge-Block Method
Compressed-Air Methods
7-2. Dispersion Treatment
7-3. Rock Development
7-4. Well Protection and Treatment
External Preparations
Sealing Casing
Disinfection
Cathodic Protection
Well Head and Collar
7-5. Well-Completion Report
Chapter 8 - Well-Performance Testing Procedures
8-1. Testing Pumps
Permanent Wells
Temporary Wells
Methods
8-2. Measuring Water Level
Electric-Line Method
Tape Method
Air-Line Method
8-3. Measuring Discharge Rate
Measured-Container Method
Flow-Meter Method
Circular-Orifice Method
Open-Pipe Method
PART THREE - SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 9 - Alternative Well Construction
9-1. Fundamentals
9-2. Jetted Wells
Equipment
Methods
9-3. Driven-Point Wells
Equipment
Procedures
Well Completion
9-4. Cable-Tool Method
General
Equipment and Procedure
9-5. Augered Wells
Equipment
Procedures
Well Completion
Chapter 10 - Arctic Well Construction
10-1. Considerations
Arctic Water Supply
Discontinuous Permafrost
Thick, Continuous Permafrost
10-2. Well Drilling
Drilling Equipment
Rotary Drilling
Jet-Drive Drilling
Drilling Fluids
Air Rotary Drilling
Well Installation and Completion
Chapter 11 - Auxiliary Activities
11-1. Exploratory Drilling
Geological Exploration
Logging Techniques
Drilling Action
11-2. Sampling Soil and Rock
Rotary Cuttings
Depth Determination
Undisturbed Soil Samples
Rock Core Samples
11-3. Installing Monitoring Wells
Safety
Requirements
Installation
11-4. Supporting Construction and Demolition
Appendix A - Water Detection Response Team
A-1. Concept
A-2. Organization
A-3. Deployment
A-4. Operational Concept and WRDB
A-5. Water Resources Overlays
Existing Water-Supply Overlay
Surface-Water Overlay
Groundwater Overlay
Overlay Symbols
A-6. Potential Drilling Areas
Appendix B - Navy Well Drilling
B-1. General
B-2. Equipment
The ITWD
Air Compressor
Well-Completion Kit
Appendix C - Air Force Well Drilling
C-1. General
RH-1
RH-2
RH-3
C-2. Organization and Scope
Capabilities
Requirements
Team Composition
Publications and Documentation
Equipment
Appendix D - Electrical Logging System
D-1. Logging Unit
Well Probe
Resistivity Instrument
Power Supply
Logging Cable
Cable Reel and Reel Case
Extender Cable-Reel Assembly
Surface Lines
D-2. Types of Logging
With the Normal Arrangement
With the Lateral Arrangement
D-3. Mud Probe (on Units Modified for Mud Logging)
Calibrating
Setting up the Equipment
D-4. Troubleshooting Procedures
Checking Batteries
Using a Voltmeter
Calibrating the DR-74 Mud Logger (With a Known Salt Solution)
D-5. Maintenance
Of Resistivity Measurement
Of Cable and Reel Case
D-6. Interpretation of Electrical Logs
Preparation of the Log
Significance of 0.25-Foot Spacing
Significance of 2.5-Foot Spacing
Significance of the Lateral Log
Interpretation of Resistivity Values
Selection of Formation Contacts
Correlation of Electrical Logs
Effect of Metal on the Resistivity Log
SP Curve
Appendix E - Bit Maintenance
E-1. Maintenance
E-2. Failure
E-3. Reconditioning
E-4. Rule of Thumb
Glossary
References
Blank Forms
Authorization Letter
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DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. |
*This publication supersedes FM 5-166, 30 June 1975
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