References

257. Izvestiva, 31 May 1991, p. 6; 21 December 1991, p. 9; and 28 December 1992, p. 3.
258. Gonets technical brochures issued by Applied Mechanics NPO and Precision Instruments NPO, 1991-1992.
259. Aviatsiya I Kosmonavtika, April 1993, pp. 13-15.
260. Skipped in book.
261. Y.G. Milov and Y.V. Zonov, "Perspectives of Satellite Communication Development in Russia", Paper IAF-93-M.1.308, 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, 16-22 October 1993.
262. Vestnik Svyazi, 11 November 1994, pp. 6-10.
263. Y. Gorriostayev, et al, Proceedings of the International Conference on Satellite Communications, ICSC '94, 18-21 October 1994, Vol.I, pp. 31-34; Vol.II, pp.113-118.
Adapted from: Europe and Asia in Space 1993-1994, Nicholas Johnson and David Rodvold [Kaman Sciences / Air Force Phillips Laboratory]

Gonets

The Gonet satellite series provide data transmission rates available include 2.4 kbits/s, 9.6 kbit/s, and 64 kbits/s with an onboard storage capacity of 8 Mbytes. A handheld user terminal (UT-P) resembles a cellular phone and weighs only 1-3 kg. Two demonstration Gonets (Gonets D) satellites were included in the Kosmos 2197-2202 mission (specifically, Kosmos 2199 and Kosmos 2201) and were tested successfully during 1992. Three additional Gonets D spacecraft were scheduled for launch in 1993, but did not appear. The first generation Gonets system, if deployed, may be followed by an advanced Gonets-R design equipped with satellite-to-satellite links. Gonets R may employ larger, 950-kg spacecraft in even greater numbers (45) and operate at L- and Ku-bands (References 257-263).

By 2010 the Gonet-M, military communication satellite series (MILSATCOM) of this spacecraft had been introduced into operation and is a part of the Russian military GLONASS system similar to the U. S. Global Positioning System.It is derived from the Military Strela-3 satellite system with a five to sever year satellite life time.The second satellite in the series was launched from the Plesetsk Space Center on September 8, 2010 utilizing the three stage hypergolic storable liquid propellant "Rockot" space booster derived from the SS-19/(RS-18) Stiletto ICBM for its first two stages with a restart able Breeze-KM third stage to place the satellite in orbit .

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