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Luna-Resource / Chandrayaan-1

Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009. The satellite made more than 3400 orbits around the moon and the mission was concluded when the communication with the spacecraft was lost on August 29, 2009.

Research published in September 2023 by the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UH Manoa) was based on data from India’s first Moon mission in October 2008. A team of scientists analyzing remote-sensor data from the Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission has found that hydrogen and oxygen ions from Earth’s plasma sheet could have combined to form water molecules on the Moon’s surface.

Shuai Li, an assistant researcher at UH Manoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, made the findings while analyzing data collected by India’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument aboard India’s Chandrayaan-1 mission between 2008 and 2009. In a statement, the university noted that Li was interested in “investigating the changes in surface weathering” as the Moon passes through Earth’s magnetotail, an area that shields the Moon from solar wind but not the Sun’s photons.

Li, as quoted by UH Manoa, explained, “This provides a natural laboratory for studying the formation processes of lunar surface water. When the Moon is outside of the magnetotail, the lunar surface is bombarded with solar wind. Inside the magnetotail, there are almost no solar wind protons and water formation was expected to drop to nearly zero.”

Li also emphasized that this discovery, along with his previous findings of rust on the lunar poles, underscores the profound connection between Earth and its moon in numerous unrecognized aspects. Scientists believe that this newfound insight could potentially elucidate the origin of previously detected water ice in the permanently shaded regions of the Moon. “Altogether, this finding and my previous findings of rusty lunar poles indicate that mother Earth is strongly tied with its Moon in many unrecognized aspects,” Li added.

Chandrayaan-1 played a crucial role in the discovery of water molecules on the Moon. The mission was launched in October 2008 and a Moon Impact Probe struck the South Pole of the Moon on November 14. Locating water on the Moon was a fundamental scientific goal during the Indian Space Research Organisation’s preparations for Chandrayaan-1. International space agencies shared a strong interest in verifying the existence of water, ideally in substantial quantities, given its potential implications for prospective lunar habitations and insights into the Moon’s origins. NASA successfully proposed and secured the opportunity to deploy two of its water-detection instruments aboard Chandrayaan-1.