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LIST OF TABLES/LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1

1.1 Need and Purpose for the Proposed Action 1-1

1.1.1 Need 1-1

1.1.2 Purpose 1-1

1.2 Alternative Selection Criteria 1-2

1.3 Scope of the Environmental Assessment 1-2

1.4 Decision to Be Made 1-3

1.5 Permits, Approvals and Consultations 1-3

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES 2-1

2.1 Proposed Action 2-1

2.1.1 Launch Trajectory 2-2

2.1.2 Vehicle Processing 2-2

2.2 KLC Facilities 2-3

2.2.1 Facility Overview 2-3

2.2.2 Construction of KLC 2-3

2.3 Alternatives 2-4

2.3.1 Alternatives Considered by the USAF, but Eliminated from 2-4
Detailed Analysis

2.3.2 No Action Alternative 2-6

3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3-1

3.1 Geology and Soils, Water, Land Use, Socioeconomics, 3-1
Environmental Justice, Recreation, Visual and Cultural Resources

3.2 Air Quality 3-1

3.2.1 Lower Atmosphere 3-1

3.2.2 Upper Atmosphere 3-2

3.3 Biological Resources 3-2

3.3.1 Steller's Eider 3-2

3.3.2 Steller Sea Lion 3-3

3.4 Noise 3-4

3.5 Health and Safety 3-4

3.5.1 Public Health and Safety 3-4

3.5.2 Range Safety 3-5

3.6 Hazardous Materials and Waste 3-6

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 4-1

4.1 Geology and Soils, Water, Land Use, Socioeconomics, 4-1
Environmental Justice, Recreation, Visual and Cultural Resources

4.2 Air Quality 4-1

4.2.1 Proposed Action 4-1

4.2.1.1 Lower Atmosphere ait Emissions 4-1

4.2.1.2 Upper Atmosphere ait Emissions 4-4

4.2.2 Cumulative Impacts 4-6

4.2.3 No Action Alternative 4-7

4.3 Biological Resources 4-7

4.3.1 Proposed Action 4-7

4.3.1.1 Steller's Eider 4-7

4.3.1.2 Steller Sea Lion and Other Marine Mammals 4-9

4.3.1.3 Noise and Sonic Boom 4-11

4.3.2 Cumulative Impacts 4-12

4.3.3 No Action Alternative 4-13

4.4 Noise 4-13

4.4.1 Proposed Action 4-13

4.4.1.1 Launch Related Noise Impacts 4-13

4.4.1.1.1 On-Pad Rocket Noise 4-13

4.4.1.1.2 In-Flight Rocket Noise 4-14

4.4.1.1.3 Sonic Boom 4-14

4.4.2 Cumulative Impacts 4-16

4.4.3 No Action Alternative 4-16

4.5 Health and Safety 4-16

4.5.1 Proposed Action 4-16

4.5.1.1 Public Health and Safety 4-16

4.5.1.2 Range Safety 4-20

4.5.1.2.1 Prelaunch Activities 4-20

4.5.1.2.2 Flight Activities 4-22

4.5.1.2.3 Post-Flight Activities 4-23

4.5.2 Cumulative Impacts 4-23

4.5.3 No Action Alternative 4-23

4.6 Hazardous Materials and Waste 4-23

4.6.1 Proposed Action 4-23

4.6.1.1 Gas Phase Emissions 4-23

4.6.1.2 USAF ait Vehicle Components 4-24

4.6.2 Cumulative Impacts 4-25

4.6.3 No Action Alternative 4-25

4.7 KLC Construction 4-25

5.0 MITIGATION MEASURES 5-1

5.1 Geology and Soils, Water, Land Use, Socioeconomics, 5-1
Recreation, Visual and Cultural Resources

5.2 Air Quality 5-1

5.3 Biological Resources 5-1

5.4 Noise 5-3

5.5 Health and Safety 5-3

5.6 Hazardous Materials and Waste 5-4

6.0 INDIVIDUALS AND AGENCIES CONSULTED 6-1

7.0 LIST OF PREPARERS 7-1

8.0 REFERENCES AND RESOURCES 8-1

TABLES v

FIGURES v

APPENDIX A: PUBLIC SCOPING A-1

APPENDIX B: AIR QUALITY B-1

APPENDIX C: LAUNCH NOISE AND SONIC BOOM C-1

C.1: NOISE METHODS OF ANALYSIS C.1-1

C.2: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SUBMARINE C.2-1

SONIC BOOM NOISE PENETRATION ANALYSIS

C.3: DESCENT PHASE UNDERWATER IMPACT: C.3-1
FURTHER ANALYSIS

APPENDIX D: AGENCY LETTERS D-1

APPENDIX E: PUBLIC COMMENTS ON DRAFT EA AND RESPONSES E-1

TABLE NO. TITLE

1.1 Permits, Approvals and Consultation Requirements T-1

2.1 Existing DoD Launch Sites T-2

2.2 Alternative Sites in Alaska T-3

4.4-1 Sound Levels and Loudness of Illustrative Noises T-4
in Indoor and Outdoor Environments (A-Scale Weighted
Sound Levels)

FIGURE NO. TITLE

1.1 Kodiak Launch Complex Site Location F-1

2.1 Kodiak Launch Complex and Vicinity F-2

2.2 Kodiak Launch Complex Facility Layout F-3

2.3 Launch Control and Management Center F-4

2.4 Payload Processing Facility F-5

2.5 Integration and Processing Facility, F-6
Launch Pad and Service Structure

2.6 Existing DoD Missile Test Ranges F-7

2.7 Existing DoD Facilities in Alaska F-8

4.3-1 Pinniped Haulouts in KLC Vicinity F-9

4.4-1 On-Pad Noise Levels F-10

4.4-2 Near-Field In-Flight Noise Levels F-11

4.4-3 Sonic Boom Locations F-12

4.5-1 Safety Exclusion Zone and Destruct Line F-13