The special piece "East Is Red Satellite Legend"
was full and accurate, vividly introduced how our country scientific
researcher is "East Is Red" the satellite will develop successfully
and sends in the outer space, narrated has occurred in among many
rarely known stories.
South the Beijing Zhongguan Village avenue 31, in between an
ordinary exhibition room, stand erect to have 72 counter- refacings
the special spheroids. It is only 11 the spare star which the
satellite simultaneously produce with "East Is Red".
(1)
Decided in the Chinese history a secondary load wants the
event the conference, spring was even in 1958 geostationary has begun
the prologue.
On May 17, in the Communist Party of China eight big two
conferences conference sites is extremely sultry, the representatives
often undulate the fan which begins to hit. Under the meeting,
the representatives animatedly are discussing the topic which the
while ago former Soviet Union and the American satellite ascends the
sky. Mao Zedong perceived representatives discussed in private,
but he has not certainly expressed own opinion. Afternoon, a
representative mentioned in the speech China should do the satellite
the question. Mao Zedong has a little unabled to sit still,
first time indicated in the presence of the everyone, we also must do
the orbiting vehicle. After the representatives warm applause,
he smiles also was saying that, certainly, the satellite should since
childhood do, but likes the American egg that big spot, we do not put,
must put us to put its 20,000 kilogram. US launches the first
satellite calls "explorer", its weight is only equal to the former
Soviet Union first satellite 1,/10, general launch satellite heavier,
the showing country astronautics level is higher.
On October 4, 1957, in a former Soviet Union history legendary
quarter, appeared is leaving Moscow more than 2,000 kilometer
"^萨.<-坦. Also has 32 minutes when to the midnight, along
with a great sound, humanity's first orbiting vehicle is launched
lifts off. The former Soviet Union scientists' already extended
the exploration trail outside the atmosphere. This event, makes
the Chinese people to feel dances with joy, the people gain ground,
first time goes to the outer space the vision which not measured,
seeks this to belong to the socialist camp the satellite. But
this time China, let alone the satellite, including all does not have
the satellite orbital injection tool - rocket. On sends out "we
also must do the orbiting vehicle" the summons after Mao Zedong soon,
the duty has given when is appointed State Council Vice-Premier Nie
Rongzhen.
In 1956, China used two sanatoriums and hospital former sites
which already discontinued, in addition more than 30 technical experts
which reassigned from the department concerned, more than 100
university students, have formed the earliest missile development
troop - Department of Defense fifth research institute. By the
American was thought "1 personally arrives at 5 teachers" Qian Xuesen,
takes the post of chief. Five courtyards although have
established, but the Chinese development missile must walk an any type
path, Qian Xuesen leads everybody also only to be able to try to find
out in the practice.
(2)
China strove for the missile foreign aid the hope vision
to throw on the former Soviet Union elder brother body. In
carries on the negotiations after former Soviet Union, stemming from
the national interest consideration, former Soviet Union only agreed
receives 50 Chinese rocket specialized foreign student to train, and
provides the R2 dummy missile which two round teaching uses. In
1957, the Eastern European several countries had the civil strife,
former Soviet Union hoped strengthened with China's relations, stable
socialist camp. They in provide in the technical assistance
question to China the manner, starts to transform. On October
15, the Chinese delegation and former Soviet Union signed the new
technology to reach an agreement that, called "on October 15 To reach
an agreement". This agreement former Soviet Union the content
which aids to China is greatly rich, they agreed supplies the Chinese
several kind of missiles samples and the related technical material,
the dispatch technical expert helps China to carry on the missile the
imitation work, and provides the missile development, the launching
base engineering design, simultaneously increases the Chinese rocket
specialized foreign student's quota of people.
The missile development had the feature. Is following
closely, in 1958, the Chinese Academy of Science will organize Qian
Xuesen, Zhao Jiu Zhang, expert and so on Guo Yonghuai to formulate the
Chinese orbiting vehicle development plan. Proposed the
satellite development three steps: First step, launch
rocketsonde; The second step, launches 1,200 kilogram heavy
satellite; Third step, re-radiation several metric ton heavy
satellite.
Makes the orbiting vehicle, natural became the Chinese Academy
of Science 1958 the first key duty. In 1958, satellite group's
vice- Leader Zhao Jiu Zhang and other four people composed to visit
Soviet "the aerological ascent" the delegation, went to Moscow.
How are they trip of true goals study to former Soviet Union
develop the satellite. As scientist's Zhao Jiu Zhang, has not
certainly realized between China and Soviet Union already to start to
appear the fissure. The Soviets arranged them to visit many
'"T institutes, Zhao Jiu Zhang have been certainly unsatisfied,
he most wanted to look is develops the satellite the geophysics
institute.
Make does the development rocketsonde base in where? After
Academia Sinica passes through a comparison, went to an industry
foundation better Shanghai the trust vision.
(3)
Is responsible for the orbiting vehicle and the rocket
system design Academia Sinica first design institute, very quickly on
moves to the technical personnel from Beijing Shanghai, has
established the Shanghai mechanical and electrical design institute.
In the Chinese Academy of Science and under Shanghai's dual
leadership, rapidly started to the rocketsonde development.
Year only 37 year-old Shanghai Jiaotong University strength
department Assistant Director Wang Xiji, is appointed as mechanical
and electrical design institute's chief engineer. His crack
troops capable general, only was sends in several hundred from various
universities the student which read, the average age was only having
21 years old. If said Wang Xiji is a chief engineer, but also
was inferior to regards as him is a principal. The detachment
condition limit, emerges one after another incessantly the question,
causes the rocket size which Wang Xiji develops more and more
slightly, but develops the pressure more and more to be actually big.
Is going against the huge pressure and the intense quarrel, Wang
Xiji decided starts to develop the simplest T7M rocket. 1 year
after in 1960, the Great Leap Forward enthusiasm has been hungrily
substituted. Hungry belly Wang Xiji finally this T7M rocket, is
standing erect on the Shanghai Nanhui County old port town 20 meter
high discharger.
After 1 month, Mao Zedong comes to Shanghai, visits the Shanghai
new technology exposition. He as soon as entered the hall on
directly to arrive nearby the T7M rocketsonde model, after carefully
watched this rocket side, he asked guide: "This fellow can fly
high?" "8 kilometers". Mao Zedong gently "oh", but also
said immediately: "Great, 8 kilometers are also great, we must
like this, 8 kilometers, 20 kilometer, 200 kilometer places do, does
its earth-shaking."
After 6 months, the rocket launched has highly already achieved
60 to 80 kilometers. Is following closely, its advanced version
rocket highly will enhance to 100 to 130 kilometers, Wang Xiji felt,
Chinese and the outer space distance will be reducing day by day.
In 1964, was an unforgettable year. This year on June 29,
our country develop the first ballistic missile launches successfully.
After more than three months on October 16, Xinjiang's Lop Nor
crack China's first atomic bomb. The scientists keen note, two
balls successes, meant our country in new aspect and so on material,
instrument measuring appliance, precision machinery had the recent
development. The missile success, has solved the launch
satellite tool problem in the certain degree, causes to launch own
satellite possibly to become.
Carries on in December three session of National People's
Congress conference period, the satellite destiny has had the
transformation. The conference has written a letter on behalf of
Zhao Jiu Zhang to Premier Zhou, he believed, missile, after atomic
bomb success, stresses the satellite work now is the time. In
January, 1965, Zhou Enlai made written comments the academy of science
to propose the concrete plan, the excited satellite design institute's
technical personnel, have not decided as the Chinese first satellite
contour 72 hedron the spheres. Everybody hope satellite can
broadcast the East Is Red music, lets the world the people all can
hear. Overall group He Zhenghua proposed names the first
satellite as "East Is Red".
This time France lifted off own only weight 42 kilograms
satellites launches, sits the human astronautics third position in a
hierarchy. The right people all fill with self-confidently were
looking forward to "East Is Red satellite" when glorious future, the
history actually slowed down in 1966 the footsteps. Launches for
9 years after the American first satellite, "Apollo" the airship
already started to prepare to carry on lands Moon's first performance
flight. But this time China, gigantic "the Great Cultural
Revolution" started.
(4)
Made the East Is Red musical note installment the duty
to issue for the Chinese Academy of Science automation institute.
A group is going against the huge political pressure, is
responsible for development which installs. First, they must
consider that, simulates "East Is Red" with any type method the music.
This time, the higher authority already authorized, only let the
satellite broadcast "East Is Red, the sun rises, China left Mao
Zedong" this first 8 sections. The group decided continuously
broadcasts two these 8 sections in 40 seconds, then the transmitter
cuts the telesignalization, may realize with a transmitter transmits
the music and the telesignalization goal in turn. When the right
musical note group is busy at "East Is Red" the music installment
design, the satellite design institute already started to consider,
how could China's first satellite orbital injection? The
satellite proposed to the launch vehicle request, but in the estimate
launch time, certainly not ready-made led the resilience to reequip
ships the satellite the rocket. The experts proposed "two
unions" the plan, uses the liquid fuel the missile to take first level
and the second level, develops use solid fuel by the solid rocket
researcher the missile to take the third level. Two unions, have
famously composed famously "Long March" the rocket. Likes in the
track and field competition "the relay match" to be same, after rocket
three sticks transmissions, satellite orbital injection. This is
a rocketsonde technology and the missile technology unifies the
innovation plan which, the liquid rocket and the solid rocket unifies.
The plan is very quick can execute, in order to confirm in the
rocket upper air the engine ignition reliability, the technical
personnel has added on level of solid rockets on the T7A rocket, has
composed a simulation "Long March" the engineering research rocket,
has finally obtained the success.
"East Is Red" the musical note installment developed
successfully. But, is responsible for the entire satellite
development chief designer, actually while "Great Cultural Revolution"
the ceaselessness "is thorough", "falls from a horse" in abundance.
Zhao Jiu Zhang and money thoroughbred horse because variously do
not talk clearly the reason, leaves the satellite system design.
This time, appeared "915" and "916" two school of struggles in
astronautics domain, the satellite design work shortly must fall into
the paralysis. How sets up the satellite system design
department which two schools all agreed? This difficult problem
fell on year only 37 year-old overall department Director Sun Jiadong
on the body. He already was fourth "the East Is Red satellite"
chief designer. He has used two month-long time, in detail
inspected various departments to have the special skill the technical
backbone, then chose 18 individual, because the technology stood up to
the most rigorous test, this 18 personally is called "the astronautics
18 brave warriors".
In 1969, the musical note installment has been put in satellite
equipment capsule. "East Is Red" the satellite after has
developed for 12 years, finally presents by the straight dignified
posture in front of the common people. Everybody is excited
exceptionally, the Chinese nation several millenniums come "the flying
apsaras" the dream, after soon must realize. This time, in the
satellite design initial expectations are inferior to the question,
suddenly exposes in the development final time, it will be unable to
cause the world people to see with one's own eyes this to belong to
Chinese the satellite. (On) (
(5)
In 1969, "East Is Red" the satellite has completed the
system design, smoothly enters the plant production together with the
rocket.
This time, in the satellite design initial expectations are
inferior to the question, suddenly exposes in the development final
time: It will be unable to cause the world people to see this
belongs to Chinese the satellite. Originally, finished until the
design, the people only then surprised note, East Is Red satellite
superficial reflection rate very low, brightness is only equal in the
sky brightness is extremely low six and so on the star. This
brightness, on Earth's person is impossible with the naked eye to see
clearly the satellite. Says from politics, if the world people
cannot use own eye, sees Chinese satellite which in the outer space
soars, greatly will harm Chinese the image. How can let in the
ground the people, can see to delimit the sky "East Is Red" the
satellite? This question is pestering everybody, lets the people
sleeping and eating be difficult to be peaceful.
Must move out this block "the stumbling obstacle", will design
the personnel to face a huge difficulty - to have in not to change the
satellite and under the rocket technology condition premise designs.
The reason was "East Is Red" the satellite and the rocket
already starts to go into production. The satellite design
overall department proposed the request is extremely harsh, no matter
designs any installment, cannot surpass 17.5 kilograms in the weight.
Which specific energy undertakes develops this posthaste duty?
A satellite system design department comrade suddenly remembered
has done the chute 508 research institutes.
After soon, the group basis folds the umbrella the principle,
manufactured an equipment, and gave a name to it calls "to observe the
skirt". It likes the skirt to be same, when ascends the sky
along with the satellite, first is closes, when needs to open, it can
depend upon the satellite revolving equally to open like the umbrella,
the ground people if saw "to observe the skirt", was equal to saw the
satellite. Under the conventional condition experiment is
satisfying, but once enters the vacuum state, "observes the skirt" to
stick to on the picture by the paste is same, how also can'topen.
After several months, the design group diligently sought causes
the design to appear the favourable turn, they looked up the
communication satellite material in the library which a US launched.
The pleasantly surprised after thorough research, causes their
hope to be disillusioned once more. This time, launches the
first satellite to China the time to be more and more near, the group
reconsiders the initial plan, decided "will observe the skirt" to
change "the observation ball".
Front "the observation ball" ascends the sky in the orbital
rocket, does not gasify for it, lightly causes it also to be flat.
The rocket when the heaven, the use last level of rockets spin
produces the centrifugal force, for "the observation ball" the
gasification, causes it to launch into an area is 40 square meters
spheroids, guaranteed in ground the people can see space this greatly
shines ball.
(6)
This plan in theoretically is feasible, whether is the
key found manufactures this kind of ball the special material.
Many units all because of request too Gao Er to refuse to
develop this kind of special material. The material group's
young Huang day and night travels at double speed rushes Shanghai's,
because he knew had a factory to develop one kind of new silk cloth,
needed the material basically with "the observation ball" same, but
the raw material was virulent. But unexpectedly, this family
factory "Great Cultural Revolution" just as soon as started to suspend
production, he had found factory manager, the explanation purpose in
coming and the request help development.
After had known the special silk cloth use, the workers put the
big-character poster in abundance which started to hit, has abandoned
battle between faction's, cherished the enormous enthusiasm to invest
to the silk cloth development. From this time on, regardless of
the outside slogan shouted how resoundingly, the silk cloth
development throughout has not stopped. After 11 months, the
special material finally develops successfully. The experiment
finally obtains successfully, but completes the task the scientific
researcher, actually is pulled in April, 1969 one day by a row train
Heilongjiang, responds the central summons, started to open up
wasteland the great northern wilderness the land reclamation by the
military life.
(7)
On March 18, 1969, renowned rocket chief engineer let
the new people, with the rocket which used for the firing trial
together, was confident arrived the Jiuquan satellite launch center.
Continuously closely pays attention to the Chinese East Is Red
satellite Japan, also intensely is gazing at China's every action and
every movement.
On November 16 afternoon 5 o'clock 45 minute, the rocket smooth
ignition lift off. Because the second cascade control system
procedure distributor midway broke down, the launch is defeated.
After two months, the Jiuquan satellite launch center organizes
immediately the second inflight firing obtains successfully. At
this moment, on February 11, 1970, Japan's first orbiting vehicle "the
big corner" the launch lifted off. Said to China's astronautics
people that, this is a serious attack.
Nearly carries on the experiment while the rocket, in 1970, the
Beijing satellite general equipment department factory started to the
first East Is Red satellite to carry on the rigorous careful
installation work. After half month-long tight work, the
satellite has smoothly completed 15 working procedures assemblies, on
March 21, completely completes the general equipment department task.
In April, 1970 1 circumzenithal arc had "Long March" the rocket
and two "East Is Red" the satellite special train, passed through 4
days 4 night of secret journeys, transported Gansu's Jiuquan satellite
launch center. After two days, the technical personnel starts to
the rocket and the satellite carries on the subsystem test basically,
the system is normal.
At the same time, with satellite launch related cooperation
unit, also is carrying on the final wrap-up work. Because the
laboratory use communication lines all depend on the air wire which
the telephone pole pulls up middle, once is destroyed by the person or
is had no intention by the common people "-, the entire
experimental system communication can sever. Thereupon, Ministry
of Posts and Telecommunication and the Headquarters of the General
Staff of the CCPLA correspondence department has specially made the
thorough arrangement, has organized the huge communication network.
Moreover in along the route up to ten thousand kilometers
journeys, regardless of the daytime or the dark night, under each
telephone pole all is standing a militiaman perhaps the populace.
On April 9, 1970, this span 29.46 meters, the most large
diameter 2.25 meters rockets and the satellite are transported
together the launch site. The rocket starts under the strict
organization to carry on docking. The first level of rocket
vertical stands through four centers of resistance in the transmitting
station. The bumper missile depends on 16 bolts and level of
rockets is connected. When separation, depends on under the
bumper missile 8 explosive bolts circular telegram to explode, causes
one, the bumper missile separation. Finally hoists up is uses
the solid fuel the three-stage rocket, it depends on 4 explosive bolts
and two level of connected. The star arrow docks, after has
solved the satellite ultrashort wave beacon machine signal not steady
problem, launch site all prepare to be ready.
(8)
On April 24, 1970, inside the launch site technical
personnel duplicated is inspecting on the star telesignalization was
whether normal. Afternoon past 3 o'clock, Zhou Enlai makes the phone call to
tell national defense science committee Assistant Director Luo at the
beginning of Shun, said Chairman Mao already authorized this secondary
emission, hoped everybody worked up full zeal, meticulous did the
work, took a time of success, brought honor for the motherland.
The rocket fuel replenishment from the before dawn 5 o'clock 40
minute starts, finished to the afternoon 1 o'clock 35 minute complete
replenishment. The entire launch site was waiting for the firing
time arrival, everybody silently prayed in the heart, the hope God can
in this final time, for glorious weather fine day.
After "象室 discretely has made evening 9 o'clock, the cloud
layer starts the forecast which abates.
Evening 7 o'clock, the launch site still the dark cloud was
densely covered, likes giant black cloth to cover in people's heart.
Evening 8 o'clock, launch site sky cloud layer also very low,
cannot see the star, because the visibility is low, directly will
affect the optical measurement, several light measuring points
unceasingly will give Jiuquan the satellite launch center to make the
phone call. But "象室 definitely replied that, the cloud
layer is very quick can pass.
Nearly 9 o'clock, launched director Yang Huan to leave the
launch level ground, arrived the underground control room. 21
o'clock 35 minute, the rocket punctual ignition take off.
"East Is Red" the satellite is sent in the perigee 439
kilometers, the apogee 2,384 kilometers outer space tracks, after
causes our country becomes continues former Soviet Union, US, France,
Japan, world fifth launch satellite country. "East Is Red" the
satellite weight 173 kilograms, also must be bigger than the four
national first satellite sum of weight. The 9 PM of 48 minute,
the launch site live broadcast "has launched successfully" the good
news, everybody cheers jumps for joy. Is following closely, the
people held the celebration meeting on the launch level ground, warmly
congratulates our country first launch vehicle to launch successfully.
The western Hunan, the Hainan two control stations, will receive
the satellite broadcast "East Is Red" the musical note signal will
transcribe the magnetic tape, will escort to Beijing by the special
plane, for central people broadcasting station to world broadcast.
The East Is Red satellite launches successful after second days,
Guangzhou is participating in "three countries four directions"
conference Zhou Enlai, just walked into the conference site excitedly
to announce to the representatives the Chinese satellite launched the
successful news. Chinese first excitedly is looking up to the
outer space, carefully seeks that to belong to Chinese the satellite,
on the face brims with is taking Chinese's be proud of and arrogant.
Many in April 24 this day birth baby, all by the oneself excited
parents, as if by prior agreement did not get up to have the
commemoration significance the name, is called - "the satellite".
[ Information origin: CCTV international ]
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