□ □ this time successfully launches " god boat four " the uninhabited airship, its condition with carries the person is completely consistent. This time has 2 false people follows the airship heaven, takes 载人航天 center 航天员 " substitute person ". Compares with " god boat three ", " god boat four " the life safeguard system and the correlation test condition is more complete, after is completely defers to each kind of situation which the manned vehicle ascends the sky possibly occurs experiments the formulation. " God boat four " above embark has each kind of test installation and the sample carries on the outer space experiment, has 54 embarkations along with the ship ascends the sky, the airship useful load achieves 300kg. And so on observes the experiment besides the life science and the spatial materials science to the place, but also first time embarked the digital remote sensing determination meter, carried on data gathering and the analysis to the ground and the sea physical condition. " God boat four " are the our country finally 1 uninhabited airship, this success launch, " god boat five " when launch may realize the dream which 航天员 ascends the sky.
1 high beginning
On November 20th, 1999 China succeeded launches the 1st airship " god boat one ", became in the world 3rd launches the spaceship the country. On January 10th, 2001, on March 25th, 2002 again separately " god boat two ", " god boat three " delivers the Heaven. Regarding this, has the many people inquires: Until now, has the humanity ground generates the spaceship, the aerospace craft and the space station 3 kind of spacecrafts, why our country must from carry the person spaceship start?
According to the Chinese spatial technology research institute's expert introduces, started in 1992 to develop before the manned vehicle, " 863 " the high-tech astronautics domain experts once conducted several years research for this question. To from developed the airship starts and crossed the manned vehicle directly develops the aerospace craft many kinds of technical plan carries on the full proof, the comparison, the analysis, even intense argument. Finally, according to our country national condition and the national strength, obeys " has the behavior, 有所不为 " and " the limited objective, is prominent key " " 863 " the high-tech research development guiding ideology, the experts consistent agreement from the airship start. Simultaneously considers our country has had the quite solid technical foundation and the rich development experience in the booster rocket and using the satellite aspect, as well as has the possibility profits from the overseas development manned vehicle the experience, our country may one step arrive develops the 3rd generation of airship, namely multi- people 3 cabins types manned vehicle.
" The god boat " the airship says from the design structure is similar to the Russian alliance - TM airship, by 轨道舱 (also calls work cabin), to return the cabin (calls again cabin), the advancement cabin (or calls service cabin, 设备舱, equipment capsule) and 1 过渡段 composes.
2 has the characteristic
Our country 3 cabins types airship has the new characteristic. According to the overseas procedure, after 航天员 returns, the airship 轨道舱 on waste abandoned on the track. Our country " the god boat " the airship actually has " keeps the axle use " the function. This is after 航天员 while returns to the cabin returns the ground, keeps on the track 轨道舱 continues by the solar energy battery wing to supply power, in the cabin instrumentation equipment can under the situation which the uninhabited value defends, equally independently works like the satellite, this may greatly lengthen the airship carries out the outer space duty working life, fully displays the airship " the afterheat ".
" The god boat " the airship 轨道舱 the contour has for the beginnings and ends 锥角 the cylinder, locates returns front the cabin, this is for increase 航天员 the active space. It generally for 航天员 in the axle operational site, inside are loaded with many kinds of 试验设备 and the experimental instrument, may carry on to the place observes. Its two sides are loaded with the large-scale solar energy battery wing, the sun which may receive puts are sensitive and each kind of antenna as well as each kind of docking organization. 轨道舱 is 航天员 in 轨道飞行 the period life cabin, the experimental cabin and the cargo hold.
It returns to the cabin contour for the big nose bluntness but actually cone 钟形, locates middle the airship, is the manned vehicle launches and returns in the process 航天员 rides the place the section, also is the airship control center, thus is essential. It not only equally must withstand with other sections take off, rise and track movement section each kind of stress and flight environment, moreover also must undergo returns when 再入 atmosphere stage decelerates overload and 气动加热. In the cabin established may supply the chair which 3 航天员 lay crooked, underneath the chair to be equipped with the gauge board and 控制手柄, the optics telescopic sights, but also was loaded with the flare and the communication facility and so on the most essential equipment. It is the airtight structure, front end has the cabin door, for 航天员 passes in and out 轨道舱 the use. " God boat " returns to the cabin volume is in the world has had nearly in the track airship biggest 1.
The advancement cabin also is the circular cylinder. It follow closely in 轨道舱 behind, usually installs equipment and so on propulsion system, power source, air bottle and water tank, plays the safeguard and the service role, namely provides the power for the airship, carries on the attitude control, changes the axle and applies the brake, and for 航天员 provides the oxygen and the water. The advancement cabin installment has 4 University of Taiwan thrust force the master motor and the translation engine, the advancement cabin two sides also is loaded with more than 20 square meters main solar energy batteries.
过渡段 in the airship crown, uses in with other spacecraft docking or the spatial survey.
The airship crown also has 1 high 8m 逃逸塔, it are loaded with 10 engines. It uses in to launch the airship the rocket takes off front 900s after takes off 160s period (0 ~ 110km), if breaks down, it can entrain return the cabin and 轨道舱 separate with the rocket, and falls the safety zone, causes on the ship 航天员 to be out of danger.
When " the god boat " the airship returns, returns to the cabin falls the ground, 轨道舱 keeps the axle works half year, the advancement cabin is thrown abandons.
3 necessary entire
Must carry on 载人航天 light has manned vehicle is by far insufficient. The manned vehicle launch, moves and returns, but also leaves the booster rocket, 航天员 does not select with the training, 载人航天 the launch site, the space instrumentation and command network and returns system the and so on landing field support and the safeguard.
载人航天 uses booster rocket besides must have enough big thrust force, but also must guarantee the redundant reliability. Launches our country " the god boat " the spaceship Long March - 2f rocket can send in the airship 200 ~ 450km high track. Besides enhanced the system reliability, the Long March - 2f rocket also increased the failure detection system and escapes 救生系统 (escapes lifesaving tower), the rocket flight reliability reached 97%, 航天员 the security achieved 99.7%.
Our country comparatively early established the space medicine 工程试验 base, launched the corresponding research trial. At present has selected one batch of preparations from the fighter plane pilot 航天员, is carrying on the training.
The launch " the god boat " the airship Jiuquan launch site has, the perfect launch facility advanced, for example, used connects rails " 三垂 " the pattern with the international advanced level, namely completed in the workshop to the airship, the rocket unified body carries on vertically always installs with the test, then vertical transported its whole to the launch site, finally carried on the vertical test and the launch.
Manned vehicle must contacts in axle movement through observation and control system and ground maintenance. Our country 载人航天 observes and controls the net includes the Beijing astronautics command control center, the Xi'an satellite observation and control center, the land control station, the marine observation and control ship as well as connects their communications network, its technology achieved the world advanced level. The Xi'an observation and control center, each place observation and control station with the observation and control ship in under the Beijing astronautics command control center direction dispatch, guaranteed " god boat " in 上升段 the observation and control correspondence cover rate achieved 100%, completed moves in the axle and returns the stage the key segmental arc observation and control correspondence.
Our country according to the national condition and the airship movement track characteristic, constructed the host landing field on the Inner Mongolian prairie, had the pretage radar station, the helicopter and 搜索车, provided the correspondence, transports and rescues and so on the installation, guaranteed the airship safe landing and the smooth recycling.
4 backgammon
Already launched 4 " the god boat " the airship was various.
" God boat one " creates multi- Xiang Di Yi. Its launch first time used " 三垂 " the new pattern. Our country newly built conforms to the international standard system land sea base space instrumentation and command network in the original space instrumentation and command network foundation, also first time puts into the use in this secondary emission experiment. Airship in axle movement period, the ground observation and control system and distributed to the international waters 4 Yuan Wang Hao surveying ship carries on the track and the observation and control to it, the success carries on a series of science experiment. As the our country astronautics history in another milestone, the god boat - 1 airship success launches and recycles, symbolizes our country 载人航天 technology obtained the new significant breakthrough. This experiment obtains the complete success, caused our country 载人航天 enterprise the development to step out to be important one step.
" God boat two " are the our country 1st type uninhabited airships. Experiments the airship with " god boat one " compares, " god boat two " the airship system structure had the new expansion, the technical performance has the new enhancement, the airship technology condition basic is consistent with the manned vehicle. " God boat two " first time carried on micro gravity domain the and so on under environment spatial life science, spatial material, spatial astronomy and physics on the airship experiment, including: Carries on the semiconductor photoelectron material, the oxide compound crystal, the metal alloy and so on the many kinds of material crystal growth; Carries on the protein and other living thing macro-molecules spatial crystal growths; The development plant, the animal, the aquatic biology, the microorganism and leaves the somatic cell and the cellulary tissue spatial environment effect experiment and so on. Airship in axle movement period, each kind of experimental instrumentation equipment performance is stable, the work was normal, obtains the massive precious flight test datas.
" God boat three " although also is 1 type uninhabited airship, but the airship technology condition with carries the person condition is completely consistent. Through this secondary emission experiment, the booster rocket, the airship and the observation and control launching system further consummates, enhanced 载人航天 the security and the reliability. On the airship is loaded with the human body metabolism 模拟装置, 拟人 the physiology 信号设备 as well as the physique false person, can the quota simulation 航天员 in the outer space important 生理活动 parameter. According to the technical personnel which develops the airship introduces, it may simulate 航天员 when the outer space life many kinds of important physiological parameter: The pulse, the palpitation, the breath, the diet and the excretion and so on, and as necessary receives the ground control center the monitoring.
Compares with the 2nd flight experiment, " god boat three " the airship also increased escapes with 应急救生 the function. Escapes the function is in the airship 待发 and 上升段, once appears endangers 航天员 the life situation, may send out one instruction, separates the loading 航天员 cabin body and the rocket, lets 航天员 be able to escape. Escapes the function realization, may send out the instruction by the ground, also can voluntarily implement by the airship. In order to prevent the airship judgement fault, produces wrongly in under the rocket normal flight situation escapes the instruction, when the airship flies in " god boat two ", this escapes the function has not joined.
5 ambitions are far
According to our country authoritative source publicly discloses, the our country 载人航天 project 1st step of duty is by the airship start, launches several uninhabited airships and some person of airships, 航天员 safely will send in nearly the track, will carry on right amount to the place observation and the science experiment, and will cause 航天员 safely to return the ground, the realization 载人航天 history breakthrough. 2nd step is besides continues to carry on to the place observation and the spatial experiment, the key 成出 cabin activity, the junction can dock experiments and launches the spatial laboratory which the long-term independent flight, for a long time some people looks after, as soon as possible completes the our country integrity necessary space project big system, solves our country certain scale spatial application problem. 3rd step is makes the space station which bigger for a long time some people looks after.
Chinese astronautics science and technology group company general manager, 载人航天 the project vice- commander in chief open celebrates great, to August 13th, 2002 in Chinese astronautics science and technology group company 2nd workshop period accepts reporter when the interview said, future several years, China will break through take the airship junction can dock, the spatial laboratory, the satellite network and 月球探测 and so on as representative's one batch of astronautics essential technology. This batch of essential technical breakthrough, from now on will carry on the deep space survey, the peaceful use deep space for China prepares. He indicate, the space station which the realization 载人航天, the solution space junction can dock the technology and to the outer space launch short-term some people the spatial laboratory, the construction for a long time some people which looks after looks after, is the Chinese 载人航天 project " 3 step walks " the strategy. The breakthrough airship junction can dock, the spatial laboratory, the satellite network, 月球探测 and so on the astronautics essential technology, without doubt " 3 step will walk " for the Chinese 载人航天 project the strategic as soon as possible realization establishes the foundation.
6 mysterious are many
Our country already launched successful 4 " the god boat " the airship, basically all is lifts off in the relative colder season launch. Then, actually this kind of situation is the accidental coincidence, or because of what other reason?
It is reported, the astronautics launch is one huge systems engineering, after the airship ascends the sky, must implement observation and control management and recycling by our country space instrumentation and command network to airship. This observation and control network by the many domestic control stations, the overseas control station and our country 4 Yuan Wang Hao open sea astronautics surveying ship is composed. In to the airship implementation observation and control process in, far looks - 1, 2, 3 and 4 open seas astronautics surveying ship simultaneously distributes in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and the Western world assigns the sea area, besides far looks - 1, other 3 surveying ships duty sea area all in latitude correlation high southern hemisphere. There sea condition wants good somewhat in the southern hemisphere spring summer season, the fall winter season then is extremely bad, in winter, do not have to say in particular in marine carries out the astronautics observation and control task, is the normal navigation temporary capital is unable to say for certain the security. Therefore, " god boat " airship launch must as far as possible avoid arranging in southern hemisphere winter.
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7 achievements are big
Our country the space science and the applied research which " the god boat " on the airship carries on in launch 4 realizes the important breakthrough, in domain and so on spatial materials science, life science, astronomy survey and environmental monitoring and forecast obtained one batch has the important value the scientific achievement.
For example, " god boat two " the airship 轨道舱 in keeps in the axle normal movement hundred day-long period, successfully carries on a series of space sciences experiment. In the spatial astronomy research, it obtained the many universes gamma storm integrity 光变曲线, the power spectrum and the time structure, discovered has ultra soft X beam, hard X beam to gamma beam width power spectrum cover instance, this was our country in gamma the storm actual research this front domain important breakthrough, proved our country own develops the detector system has achieved the international similar equipment the advanced level; In the spatial environment survey, obtained the detailed atmospheric ingredient nature spectrogram and the atmospheric density measured data, this achievement had the important application value, first time obtained the accurate global atmosphere density Sunday changed the distribution map, had the vital scientific significance; Through to spatial materials science experiment sample the and so on metal alloy, metal compound material which recycles analysis, indicates our country independently develops the spatial multi- locations material crystal growth stove and the corresponding spatial crystal growth craft made the unprecedented progress, in micro gravity materials science research aspect one stair; The biology raise box centrifuge, illumination and the temperature control is completely normal in the flight, indicates our country designed, aspect and so on in experimental technique in the spatial 生物效应 experiment experiment one new stair, the experimental craft and the flow was day by day mature, for further developed the spatial life science and the applied research establishes the foundation.
The national department concerned person in charge thinks, our country space science and the applied research the scientific research achievement which obtains on the god boat - 2 airships, symbolizes our country space science and the applied research realized new surmount, it developed the positive promoter action to our country science and technology and the national economy.
8 航天员
Chinese space medicine project research institute manager and 载人航天 the project 航天员 system chief designer sleeps the pair rather, in accepts the Central Committee Television " the Eastern space and time " reporter when the interview indicates, now has many about the Chinese 航天员 report and the actual situation 有出入, also has the imagination and the guess ingredient. Sleeps the pair rather discloses, China 航天员 is selects from the Chinese air force fighter plane pilot, the condition is extremely strict, even arrived the harsh degree, passed through layer upon layer screens, truly was hundred miles selects one. Selects 航天员 also must pass through the strict training and the inspection, only then can undertake 载人航天 the flight duty. He said, the space medicine project research institute already had the plan, divides the stage successfully developed 航天员 the training. At present, each training progress is smooth. Simultaneously he state, in 航天员 training and next 载人航天 center, the Chinese stature is moderate, the nimble agile physique as well as bears hardships and stands hard work tenaciously, is tenacious, the unity cooperation psychological quality and so on all has the obvious superiority. When reporter asks " the overseas some media talk into the Beijing space center are world 3rd 航天员 select the training center, does not know the actual situation whether so; Which disparities when the Beijing space center and the international standard does have ", sleeps the pair rather says, now, on international besides Russia's Canadian 加林 space center and USA 休斯 space center, only had China has carries on 航天员 selects the training the technology and the equipment condition. China 载人航天 the start is later than USA and Russia, after but starts late has sends the superiority, through profits from others' experience lesson, may little walk the tortuous path, forms oneself the characteristic and the superiority, goes out one risk is lower, few puts, the benefit higher development path. Foresees the Chinese 载人航天 perspective, sleeps the pair rather indicates, the breakthrough 载人航天 essential technology, realizes the world round-trip, only is 载人航天 first step. " Constructs the ship (manned vehicle) must construct a station (载人空间 stands)", 载人航天 the development tendency is stops over from the short-term outer space gradually develops center long-term and the long-term outer space life, moves from the person in the cabin develops to the extravehicular activity, further mounts other photostars.
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