□ □ the people cannot forget, the Soviet 1st artificial satellite on October 4th, 1957 launched successfully after to 4 years, added 加林 on mounts the outer space to April 12th, 1961 while the airship. USA also is similar. But why did China's satellite as early as soar in 1970, but all all turned until 20th century calendars, China 航天员 has not still taken off? Why this 12 step is away from us as soon as walks is 30 years?
Actually, as early as in the 20th century 60's China scientist on in the track overseas airship technology, and started the technical plan research. 20th century at the beginning of 70's, their research has slightly had the achievement, but also made one 全尺寸 model, it had one extremely interesting to listen to name - dawn number.
1 好事多磨
In fact, the Chinese depended upon oneself the strength after 1970 launches the East Is Red - 1 satellite, also started the judgement to change 载人航天 the domain.
On April 24th, 1970 China after passed that whole nation revelry " East Is Red " the celebration date, the scientists calculate carry the person flying apsaras in one vigorous effort. 2nd year in April, the Beijing Jingxi guesthouse gathered the national more than 80 units' more than 400 astronautics experts, discussed the airship plan. All are as if very smooth, the dawn - 1 real revealed the dawn.
The dawn number plan is 2 cabins types, the configuration imitates American the Gemini number airship. The scientists made many heatproofings materials and the large-scale experiment, even linked food which the airship transport vehicle and 航天员 ate all does.
However, because our country economic base was at that time weaker, the industry manufacture and the correlation technological level lowered again, in addition " Great Cultural Revolution " turbulence and nature and man-made disaster, dawn - 1 finally dust-laden in one idea schematic diagram. Afterwards, Premier Zhou Enlai realistically specially spoke several principles on the Chinese 载人航天 development, its general idea was: Does not carry out the outer space competition with the Soviet Union and American great nation, must first do well Earth's on matter, must do well national construction urgent need application satellite. From now on, China temporarily will stop to 载人航天 exploration, but and put with emphasis the energy on various types application satellite aspect, this as soon as stopped is 12 years.
" 863 " plan appear, started to China 载人航天 the exploration 催产 function. In April, 1986, established take slaughter friendly clear husband as the chief scientist's astronautics domain expert group, its main mission will be future the high new technical in particular 载人航天 development technology way again carries on the proof to the astronautics domain. How at that time did the topic component member 载人航天 start in China the aspect exists the agreement: One part of people think, China 载人航天 should from the airship start, be supposed to do " the airship world round-trip transportation system plan "; But another part of people actually propose, must do does technical advanced aerospace craft, should take the aerospace craft the world round-trip transportation system tool. Thereupon, how revolves China 载人航天 to start, the airship plan proved the personnel and the aerospace craft plan proves the personnel launches 3 years long time the academic argument.
In the argument, the manned vehicle plan proves the personnel thinks, the manned vehicle both may travel by 航天员, and may to the space station transportation commodity, but also can use as the space station track lifeboat, also the funds is lower, conforms to China's national condition. But aerospace craft regardless of is the construction cost or the maintenance cost as well as the launch site construction quite is all expensive, also China at that time also did not have the aerospace craft production, the craft condition. The aerospace craft plan proves the personnel thinks, the aerospace craft might duplicate uses, represents the international astronautics development tidal current; But the airship appears somewhat falls behind, China 载人航天 must have one high beginning.
At that time the argument was quite intense, everybody hugged to the country, to the nation responsible manner, developed rigorously is practical, the science asks the real spirit, fully carried forward the technical democracy, 各抒己见. From 1986 ~ in 1989, both sides proved the personnel consult the overseas massive 载人航天 aspects material, made many analyses calculates and is connected the experiment, and convened permits many times the academic seminar.
Undergo the long-term proof, " 863 " the topic astronautics domain expert component member initially achieved the mutual recognition in 1989, thought manned vehicle plan suits Chinese national condition, China 载人航天 enterprise should from airship start. Manned vehicle and aerospace craft two kind of plans academic debate, also caused at that time the national defense branch working committee with the airspace division concerned leader's high attention. In 1989, the airspace division party group specially entrusted the village to meet Gansu, the grandson family two astronautics expert manages the convention airship and the small aerospace craft comparison proof meeting. In the meeting, airspace division Beijing space mechanical and electrical research institute high-tech proof group Leader Li cheek Lebanon takes the manned vehicle plan the representative speech, he from aspect and so on technical feasibility, state economy withstanding ability and technical risk did the manned vehicle plan and the small aerospace craft plan the comparison, and gave an example to point out, USA'S aerospace craft flew one time of 400000000 ~ 500000000 American dollars, the European spatial bureau development 赫尔 the ink Si number small aerospace craft also is " the plan as soon as changes changes again, the progress 一拖再拖, the funds as soon as added adds again ", until finally discontinued. Therefore, he think, embarks from the national condition, cannot do the aerospace craft. Undergo this comparison proof, the airspace division system person concerned gradually achieves the mutual recognition in in the Chinese 载人航天 development way, namely from manned vehicle start.
However, " 863 " the topic only did one overall blue scheme description to the Chinese 载人航天 development, this still belonged to the concept research, as for airship configuration what type? How does the project do? These are " 863 " in the topic proof process the solution question.
Thereupon, in 1990, at that time the airspace division party group decided, separately carried on the thorough proof by subordinate's 3 research institutes, and respectively put out 1 manned vehicle plan carries on the comparison. In 1991, the airspace division organized the concerned expert to carry on to this 3 manned vehicles plan many times compares the proof. Considers the airship and the satellite has a closer contacting, but the Chinese spatial technology research institute has more than 10 years returns the type satellite the development experience and the troop foundation, in the structure and the organization, hotly controls, the recycling landing and so on the specialized aspect has the certain superiority, adds this courtyard from " 863 " plans then has one group of comrades continuously in does the manned vehicle plan and the correlation experiment, finally the expert group which is composed by the astronautics expert decides, the manned vehicle development plan by the Chinese spatial technology research institute 抓总, other courtyard participation, after continues the plan the consummation, reports the higher organ authorizes.
According to once participates in same year airship proof group's old comrade recollects, in order to do well at that time the airship plan proof work, from July, 1991, the research institute one large quantities of technical personnel continuously worked overtime the quite several months, consulted the massive overseas pertinent datas, collected American, the Soviet airship related situation. They designed 6 kind of plans in this foundation, and made the correlation model.
2 unforgettable in 1992
After many times discusses, repeatedly proves, in at the end of November, 1991, the Chinese spatial technology research institute set up the manned vehicle the proof report compilation finished, and reported by the green book form by the level. This reports thick reaches 0.3m are many, separately from economical possible, the technical feasibility, the technological transformations necessity three aspects carried on the system proof. In order to can as soon as possible strive for stands the item, 75 year old of renowned astronautics expert let new people academician, to bring one 1: 10 airships models, personally went to the central special committee carries on the explanation and the demonstration. Treads the reform and open policy spring breeze, the Chinese high level leader gets down the determination development 载人航天 project. In January, 1992, central specially entrusted the 5th special commission authorizes the manned vehicle project to stand the item. From 1992 1 ~ in June, the airspace division party group also entrusted the Chinese spatial technology research institute to carry on to the manned vehicle half year feasible proof. In June, 1992, this courtyard composed " manned vehicle technology economical feasibility proof report ", and reported by the white paper form. This report on the airship configuration, the quality, each subsystem roughly plan and the technical specification, the funds budget, the organizational structure, the essential technology further performs to make clear. On September 21st, 1992, the Central Political Bureau member expanded the congress officially gives a written reply to a subordinate the manned vehicle feasibility proof report, from now on, China 载人航天 finally will reveal the hope dawn.
The manned vehicle project is composed by the below system.
(1) 航天员 system. 航天员 the system has a bigger particularity, this is one by 航天员 the complex system which unifies for the central medicine and the project, involves to the astronautics life science and the space medicine project and so on many important domains.
(2) useful load system. The useful load system main duty is supports the ability using the manned vehicle spatial experiment, develops observes, the environmental monitoring to the place, carries on experiment and so on materials science, life science, spatial astronomy and fluid science, the airship experimental stage application is the experimental nature.
(3) manned vehicle system. The manned vehicle uses by 轨道舱, returns 3 cabins, two pair of solar cells wings configuration which the cabin and the advancement cabin is composed and 升力控制 returns, the dome chute recycling plan. 轨道舱 locates the airship the front part, is loaded with on the ship various subsystems and remains the equipment and the useful load for the airship independent flight which the axle flight work needs.
(4) booster rocket system. The booster rocket reliability is the influence 航天员 security most primary factor. Our country in in the Long March - 2E booster rocket foundation, developed the new Long March - 2f booster rocket, it not only enhanced the arrow body structure, the power device system, the control system, the telemetry system, outside the trajectory-measuring system reliability, but also increased the failure detection and escapes 救生系统, was allowed to enhance 上升段 航天员 security.
(5) land launching system. Manned vehicle launch site when selected location, except should have launches other spacecrafts besides the condition, but also must consider person's security problem, if the thunder and lightning weather are less, has better airborne and the ground 电磁环境; The rocket 发射方向 above in the nearly hundred kilometers best do not have the mountain jungle and a more centralized residential area and so on.
(6) observes and controls the system. When 航天员 rides the airship in the outer space flight, but also needs the formidable ground support, depends on the observation and control communications system maintains between the world the regular relation. Our country observation and control communications system mainly by the track survey, the remote control, the telemetering, the rocket safety control and 航天员 escapes the control, the computer system and the monitoring equipment, the ship correspondence and the ground communication facility and so on is composed.
(7) returns to the landing system. Carries the person flies the essential construction may supply to return the sales commission the landing field. As a result of use chute recycling, therefore the landing field request does not like airport such is high. The after landing field main duty is completes around the airship landing the survey correspondence, the airship landing search recycling, the rescue 航天员 and carries on handling to in the cabin useful load. Must synthesize in in landing field selection considers each kind of different factor. The landing field establishment should synthesize uses our country the astronautics observes and controls the communications network; Must have enough big area adapts bigger point of descent deviation situation.
3 Chinese first boat
载人航天 is not one easy matter, bears the brunt is must break through 3 big technical difficult problems.
The 1st difficult problem is must develop the thrust force is big enough, the reliable extremely good vehicle.
Launches Vostok, above 升号 and manned vehicle the and so on alliance number Soviet booster rocket delivery ability all above 5t, moreover 中极 little has the accident in the launch. In order to guarantee when the launch is surefire, the booster rocket and the airship essential part must be 2 backups or 3 backups, the rocket, the airship in front of the heaven, must pass through a series of extremely strict ground checkouts and the simulation flight, only then has not been able to allow to pass the heaven until one hidden danger. According to record, in Soviet / Russia nearly hundred secondary emissions manned vehicles process, because the booster rocket has the problem forces 航天员 use 逃逸塔 救生设备 only 1. In in American aerospace craft nearly hundred flights, also only has the Challenger number detonation disaster accident. No wonder some experts said, as a result of to the reliable value, in fact, with the navigation, the aviation and the on land each kind of transportation tool compares, the spacecraft activity has the best security record.
The 2nd difficult problem is must obtain the spatial environment the enough information which affects to the human body, understands human body can withstand the boundary condition and finds the protective measure.
The spatial environment and the terrestrial environment has the enormous difference. In the outer space does not have the oxygen, the water, if does not have any guardian is is unable in the outer space to survive; In the outer space 失重环境 center, can cause the human body to occur the balance function disorder, in vivo organization moves, the muscle withers with pathological change and so on ossein decalcify; The airship rise, returns to when the stage the acceleration and 减速度 can have the huge overload to the human body (overload).
Must in this kind of environment 里保 witness's survival, have to grind generating seal anti-radiation airship, in airship must provide can supply air, water and temperature which the person normally lives and so on basic life safeguard condition. Simultaneously also must for 航天员 equipment in 航天服, once 航天员 must go out airship cabin works to outer space in, all lives safeguard system then all by 航天服 provides.
The 3rd difficult problem is must have the reliable lifesaving technology and safely return the technology.
载人航天 does not lie in the lifesaving technology with 载人航天 the biggest difference the application and safely returns is absolutely reliable.
载人航天 救生装置 has the ejection chair, 逃逸塔, separates the cabin and carries the person mobile installs and so on. They different highly play respective role in the flight. Generally speaking, when the booster rocket takes off the when flight altitude about 10km, 航天员 may use the trajectory chair the way springs occurs the dangerous spacecraft, the parachuting lifesaving. Also may start 逃逸塔, lets escape 塔拉 the airship throws off the problem the rocket separate descends the lifesaving. If the rocket has the question in the upper air, 航天员 cannot parachuting, 逃逸塔 already according to flight procedure 抛掉, then only has adopts the separation airship cabin the means, lets airship cabin own return the lifesaving. The after airship enters the axle, once oneself is destructed when or 航天员 falls ill must rescue, then only has temporarily uses on ship 救生装置 waiting earth launching airship lifesaving means.
The airship security returns is not also easy, it need to start instead push the rocket decelerate, move the posture, enter 返回轨道 and so on the technology, but also must rush three " Guimenguan ": One, the overload pass, the airship high speed enters the dense atmosphere strata time can have the huge impact overload, likes 飞机撞山 is ordinary; Two is the flame pass, the airship returns with the air fierce friction can have several thousand high temperatures, does not have the protection, the steel bar gagger also to be able to be reduced to ashes; Three, the hit pass, the airship descends although has the chute, but it 降落速度 still reached 8 ~ 14m/s, did not take the measure, was the good chap also can plunge to death.
Although 载人航天 is beset with difficulties, but the humanity one step by step is grasping its rule. The Chinese astronautics scientist also already had solves three big difficult problems abilities.
From the design structure looks the god boat number is approximate to the alliance - TM airship, is composed by 3 cabins 1 section. 3 cabins are advance the cabin, return the cabin, 轨道舱. 1 section calls 过渡段, it in the airship crown, mainly use in the airship and the airship or the airship and space station docking, in carries before the person flight and docking, it may use in the spatial survey. When the airship returns, returns to the cabin returns the ground, 轨道舱 may remain the axle observes to the place works half year, the advancement cabin is thrown abandons into outer space trash.
The airship crown also has one 应急救生 system calls 逃逸塔. Tower high 8m, from the distant place looks the picture is on the rocket lightning rod. Its duty is takes off front 900s in the rocket after takes off when 160s 间段 inside, also is the flight altitude when 0 ~ 110km, 11000 rockets break down, it may entrain return the cabin and 轨道舱 separate with the rocket, and descends in the safety zone, helps on the airship 航天员 to be separated from the dangerous situation. 逃逸塔 inside has 10 engines, from above to under for the control, the separation, the host escapes with the upper air escapes the engine, the first 3 kinds are responsible 39km highly below escape the work, the latter 1 kind highly inside plays the role in 39 ~ 110km. Experiments in the god boat number airship initial flight front, 逃逸塔 has carried on many times flies the experiment.
The god boat number airship from lifts off has been through repeatedly 12 stages to the recycling:
(1) the rocket takes off, auxiliary booster separation;
(2) 1st level of rocket separation, 抛掉 forebody 整流罩;
(3) the 2nd level of rocket ignition, the ship arrow separation, the airship enters the axle;
(4) the airship launches the solar energy windsurfboard;
(5) the airship flight, carries on the scientific experiment;
(6) airship 1st accent posture;
(7) returns to the cabin with 轨道舱 separates;
(8) returns to the cabin 2nd accent posture;
(9) returns to the cabin and the advancement cabin separates;
(10) returns to the cabin enters the atmosphere, carries on 升力控制;
(11) returns to the cabin chute opens;
(12) the cushion engine ignition, returns to the cabin landing.
In adds 加林 ascends the sky before, Soviet Union altogether carried on 5 uninhabited airships experiments, USA in 谢泼德 ascends the sky before launches 8 uninhabited airships, these two 载人航天 great nations all passed through uninhabited - carry the person two inchworms, China 载人航天 also need to walk uninhabited one - carry person's process, certainly this process could not too steadily.
4 China 航天员 awaits orders goes to battle
In the astronautics flight, driving, the management, services the spacecraft or is engaged in the scientific experiment, the production processing and the military activity personnel is been called 航天员. In the English " ASTRONAUT " this word was the American around 1959 for the pilot which selected and trains its spaceship but " the invention " comes out, the direct wording meaning was " the driving star navigation person ". From this time on, " 航天员 " is included the official dictionary.
In Beijing's western suburbs, has one mystical castle, here is China 航天员 the training base, also is in the world the 3rd big scale 航天员 the training center. The training base establishment goal is the enhancement 航天员 organism to the astronautics flight special environment adaptiveness, to 航天员 the astronautics flight skill carries on the strengthened training.
The training base has the centrifugal swivel chair, the electrically operated swing and the impact tower and so on is special 训练设施.
The centrifugal swivel chair is one kind of special swivel chair, it not only may do 180° clockwise and the anti-clockwise fast revolution, moreover may simultaneously about around swing. The swivel chair mainly is uses in to inspect 航天员 to vibrates and the dizziness 耐受 the ability. Certainly, only has on the swivel chair passes through earth-shaking tosses about down, but also can distinguish clearly the four cardinal points outstanding person only then has the possibility continues to accept under the training which as soon as closes.
The electrically operated swing and the large-scale amusement park's swing is somewhat similar, in reaches as high as under several ten meters steel frames protect guards, 1 apparents the automobile type the swing 钢绳 is flown high by 4 mentions. When the electrically operated swing swings, around can fling 15m, it mainly are use in 空间运动 and the ground-to-air 运动病 research.
In the impact tower room, stands erect one probably has 4 buildings high greens iron tower. Its function is simulates the airship returns to when the Earth the impact environment, thus strengthens person's anti- impact endurance and studies the multi- ways the protective measure. USA starts in 20th century 40's to 50's to study the human body is direct 线加速度 and the high strength impact 耐受 the ability, they reach the speed 288km high speed march forward 火箭车 completely stop inside the 6m distance steadily, thus tests the human body the strongest 耐受 ability. Through permits many times the experiment proves, the person physical ability withstanding straight line acceleration and the high strength impulse by far surpassed 载人航天 the airship in returns to when the Earth the request, so long as the measure is appropriate, 航天员 returns to the ground is completely possible.
The people fly the vehicle in the amusement park seat catwalk from the catwalk when dives toward under, that kind of heart picture must from throat mouth jump out resembles taste which makes the one suffocate really lets person not feel better. But such dives also has the certain slope, but in the impact tower training room the cushion, the picture does not jump extremely equally goes against from the high high tower 直落 but under falls 入塔 the bottom basin, although this only has the short short several seconds, but 航天员 receives the physiology and the psychological impact is the average man imagines with difficulty.
In truly completes 载人航天 before the magnificent feat, 航天员 must each kind of environmental condition which is going to face to him have the full adaption process. These can rush several important passes trainings surely all has the extraordinary courage and the endurance.
It is reported, as early as in 1968, Beijing established one specially is engaged in the space medicine project research the research institute, from that time China 航天员 on accepted the training in there. In 1970, China once secretly liked in the air force pilot 过筛子 equally selects 19 politics cures, the technology is good, the bodily good highest quality people, took 航天员 chooses in advance. But inside them the majority has not all passed " the load " the pass, only remains the minority person and further because " the Lin Biao event " created the project discontinues severs the training.
The outer space certainly does not like such which we thinks happy, in the actual heaven the underground environment and the condition has the enormous difference. In is far away the Earth in the outer space flight, must endure is alone, weightlessness, overload suffering and nearly with world isolation tribulation. Therefore in order to adapt the outer space adverse circumstance, and in the outer space life and the work, 航天员 must have strong bodily, the good psychological quality and the higher technical culture accomplishment, moreover must pass through the strict specialist training.
First carries on 载人航天 Soviet Union and USA, all very value 航天员 select. The initial choice condition nearly is same, must have vigorous and healthy body and spirit, ability outer space each kind of adverse circumstance; Must have good psychological quality, can grasp the complex operation skill and calmly deal with the accident; Must have higher cultural accomplishment, can accept the astronautics scientific knowledge the training, undertakes the outer space flight mission; Must have fear is not hard and dangerous, dares spirit which devotes.
Concrete said, what person can work as 航天员? First, the years of schooling and the skill is higher than the air force pilot. If work skill not adept, then will be inconceivable in the key time consequence.
Second, the physical quality is better than the air force pilot, 航天员 the physical quality must conform to the fighter aircraft pilot's physical quality standard, its cardiovascular, the vestibule and the nervous system must be absolutely healthy.
Third, the psychological quality is stronger than the air force pilot. 航天员 besides should have the air force fighter aircraft pilot's basic psychological quality, but also should through the individuality, the thought, the makings, the sensation, the response and the judgement ability inspection, selects from the center has the best psychological quality outstanding. For many years 载人航天 the practice proof, 航天员 has left audiences' psychological quality is processes the outer space is urgent or the accident key.
Because the early spaceship only can carry 1 person, therefore request 航天员 must have various skill and specialty, not only is the pilot again is 领航员, not only is the engineer again is the operator, can independently shoulder the outer space flight the completely work. These harsh conditions and the fighter plane pilot's request quite approaches, therefore Soviet and the American early time 航天员 all is selects from the pilot.
The early time 航天员 although the request is the versatile or well-rounded person, but always mention, when that duty quite is unitary. Along with 载人航天 the enterprise development, the duty more and more expands, no longer is the single flies, but is the many 航天员 one road colleague, 航天员 between also had the duty division of labor. Generally speaking, divides into 3 kinds, one is the pilot which operates the spacecraft, also calls the instruction is long; Two is the aerial mission expert, is responsible to fly the plan coordination and the spacecraft service maintenance, discharges, recycles and repairs other spacecrafts, carries on the extravehicular activity as well as handles other special aerial missions; Three is the load expert, namely carries on the scientist and the engineer to the outer space which each item of scientist tests.
航天员 the training generally divides into 3 stages.
The 1st stage is basic theory knowledge training, includes the aeronautical dynamics, the aerodynamics, the geophysics, the meteorology, the astronomy and the universe 航行学, as well as 火箭飞船 principle of design, structure, navigation control, correspondence, equipment examination and space medicine and so on. Its subject are all more than any university's specialized subject, the request is also stricter.
The 2nd stage is the astronautics basic technology training and the correlation physical ability training, simulation flight training is most important. 航天员 besides participates in the spacecraft all sorts of experiments, but also must carry on the spacecraft the simulation flight, the control, the communication, breakdown specialist training and so on lands and fixes. The simulation flight experiment passes the destiny 4 step carries on, first is operates the skill training, the request 航天员 skilled respective operation content; Next is flies the subject training; 3rd is the many items union and the procedure operation training; Finally is the aerial mission entire process comprehensive nature greatly trains. 航天员 only in completes the training content, and is qualified after the test only then has the qualifications participates the actual astronautics flight.
The 3rd stage for the special flight training, the training content mainly has the overload endurance training, the weightlessness control training, the simulation flight, simulation docking, the airship system test and the report, the experiment trains, leaves the cabin, the parachuting as well as each kind of emergency training and so on. This inside astronautics environment compatibility training is 航天员 the training core. This stage continues the time is longest, the content is richest, it include: Through drives the airplane carries on the flight training, the exercise 航天员 adaption airborne environment and the skilled skill; Carries on in the astronautics environment through the large-scale 空间模拟 room the life and the working ability training; Uses the large-scale buoyancy pond carries on simulates the outer space leaves the cabin activity. This stage most important training content also includes the outer space lifesaving plan the training. Although 载人航天 the performance is extremely reliable, but since 1961 载人航天 to 1986, already has occurred are many the astronautics accident, causes 14 航天员 deaths, most typical accident includes: Soviet 3 航天员 because of returns when in the cabin the serious reduced pressure oxygen deficit gets killed; 1 Soviet Union 航天员 because the airship chute system has not opened plunges to death; 3 USA 航天员 because the airship cooks meals on the discharger is burnt dies; 7 USA 航天员 because the Challenger number aerospace craft explodes gets killed. Therefore, 载人航天 in the activity the astronautics rescued produces 航天员 one training most important content. 航天员 救生训练 must act according to 载人航天 in launch, rise, track movement, returns, lands differently spatial environment which this 5 stages locates carries on different training.
After carefully selects with the special training 航天员 is actually competent after the outer space what?
It is well known, 航天员 through completes each scientific experiment, the production and the exploration duty enhances the humanity knows the nature and the transformation natural ability. However, 航天员 the most vital one duty is the use 载人航天 is engaged in the military activity. USA and Soviet Union all once used 载人航天 is engaged in each kind of outer space reconnaissance, for instance said monitored the ground or the marine military target, hostile national troop disposition and reassignment, military big exercise and so on. 航天员 in 载人航天 above may have the destination carries on the surveillance to some one area and the goal, thus achieves compared to the uninhabited reconnaissance system even better reconnaissance effect. 航天员 also can destroy the enemy side the military satellite or the space weapon system, but carries on the service and the military supplies to own satellite, experimental and the development space weapon system.
Some people said, elects 1 president to be easy, to elect 1 航天员 to be difficult. This saying without truth. Because 航天员 the elimination rate is extremely high, it may be said great distance selects one even Wan Li selects one. 36 years ago become American astronautics 1st person of standard roentgen, not only become the idol which the people worships, even became American president 钦定 " national treasure ". The humanity since has flown the outer space, can become 航天员 flies the outer space until now also the only more than 400 people.
At present, China has completed hundred miles selects from the air force fighter plane pilot one 航天员 selects, about these ten several people's outstanding person group team is carrying on each strict training according to the plan. Estimates in the near future, will produce 1st generation of China among them 航天员.
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