The New York Times March 26, 2003
Far Behind the Front, But Not Out of Danger
By John M. Broder
While the front-line combat troops receive the lion's share of the coverage and credit in the war in Iraq, a critical and increasingly dangerous campaign to supply them is being waged behind the lines.
The ambush Sunday of an Army maintenance company near Nasiriya illuminated the risks faced by the unglamorous but essential troops who carry food, fuel, water and ammunition to front-line troops.
The attack has raised questions about whether the force assembled to overthrow Saddam Hussein is not only large enough to accomplish its mission but also to protect its supply lines, which now run about 300 miles north from Kuwait.
Senior commanders in Washington and at Central Command here insist that the 300,000 troops in and around Iraq are adequate for both jobs. But they are now also shifting the focus of the ground campaign away from Baghdad and back to the south, with the goal of defeating the fedayeen and other Iraqi irregulars who threaten supply columns.
Even before this change in tactics, the threat of hit-and-run attacks on supply routes and the 5,000-gallon tanker trucks moving fuel to combat formations had forced field commanders to divert some troops to protect those units ferrying war-fighting material to the front.
Commanders had already beefed up protection around the supply convoys, which can stretch for miles. The fuel tankers make especially inviting targets, so supply lines had been patrolled by attack helicopters and cargo vehicles accompanied by Bradley fighting vehicles.
Experts in military logistics agree that the rapid advance toward Baghdad and the guerrilla activity behind the lines pose significant risks to the supply lines and the soldiers who must keep them open.
"You have your lines of communication extended, in some cases for hundreds of miles, and that makes this problem very, very difficult to manage," said Gen. John G. Coburn, the retired head of the Army Materiel Command. "My guess is you've got shortages of parts, people repairing equipment right on the battlefield and constantly being forced to adapt to the combat commander's maneuver plan."
In addition, General Coburn said, leaders of logistical units must handle growing numbers of prisoners of war and provide food and other aid to Iraqi civilians.
"When you look at this task, you have to start with the lines of communication and ask how much force is being dissipated in protecting them and how much risk is being taken," said Maj. Gen. William Nash, a retired officer who commanded a brigade of the Third Armored Division during the Gulf War.
"Some amount of potential combat power is being used to protect and secure those supply lines," General Nash said.
It is difficult to conceive the volume of supplies required for a large combat force or the difficulty of delivering them where they are needed in a timely fashion.
Fuel is a critical concern. The tank battalions, helicopter squadrons, attack aircraft, Marine units and warships in the Iraqi theater consume 15 million gallons of fuel a day, according to Maj. Gen. Dennis K. Jackson, director of logistics and engineering at Central Command headquarters here at Camp As Sayliya, outside the Qatari capital of Doha.
He said in an interview on the eve of the war that it was possible that the fast-moving forces could outrun their supply lines, limiting the speed of advance. The sandstorms and high winds in Iraq today limited combat operations, while providing some relief to beleaguered supply officers, giving them a chance to refuel vehicles and move food, water, ammunition and medical supplies up the line.
Current military doctrine calls for establishing relatively small battlefield depots or "supply nodes" near the front to quickly deliver critical supplies to front-line troops, rather than building large, semi-permanent warehouse complexes. Captured airfields are sometimes used for this purpose, allowing the use of C-17 transport planes and heavy-lift helicopters to bring in supplies rapidly.
"The issue," General Jackson said, "is the last tactical mile."
The small depots are abandoned as troops move forward, or left with a small guard contingent to maintain them for the withdrawal of troops at the end of the conflict.
The Marines have established one such "forward arming and refueling point" not far from their forward lines. It provides fuel for the corps' helicopters and combat vehicles and replaces rockets and machine-gun bullets consumed in fighting.
Troops fighting in desert conditions also consume gigantic quantities of water, several quarts per day per soldier. For the most part, that is being hauled in on tractor-trailers, but logistics officers are also planning to deliver purification equipment so that local water can be used.
General Coburn said that he believed that Gen. Tommy R. Franks, the overall commander of the Iraq force, has enough troops to prosecute the war and protect his supply lines. He said that supply troops, mechanics and combat engineers are in many cases capable of defending themselves.
But there is a clear difference in the battlefield training of a combat soldier and that of a truck mechanic, even one carrying an M-16 carbine. As a result, commanders are moving to give the more vulnerable supply troops added protection.
GRAPHIC: Photos: A column of American trucks near Nasariya drove north toward Baghdad yesterday. Allied supply lines are lengthening as the advance continues. (James Hill for The New York Times); Staff Sgt. Brian Flaherty finished refueling tanks of the Second Marine Tank Battalion in a sandstorm in the Iraqi desert yesterday. (Cheryl Diaz Meyer/Dallas Morning News via Associated Press); American troops loaded a mine onto a forklift truck after sweeping the harbor at Umm Qasr on the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border yesterday. (Ian Waldie/Getty Images)
Chart/Diagram: "Supplying the Troops"
With American troops deep in Iraq, one of the biggest challenges is keeping them supplied with fuel, water, food and ammuntion. A 20,000-person division can go through 2,000 tons of supplies in a day. To keep up, hundreds of trucks each day make the the 14-hour trip from Kuwait to forces at the front in Iraq, where they unload their supplies, change drivers, and head home again.
CH-47 CHINOOK HELICOPTER
Can be used to rapidly transport supplies when sending them by ground would take too long.
OH-58 HELICOPTERS
Accompany the convoy to provide air support. Also, with their birds eye view, they can make sure that no trucks in the convoy get lost.
HEAVY EXPANDED MOBILITY TACTICAL TRUCK
Can be equipped as a fuel tanker, carrying 2,500 gallons of fuel, or as a cargo truck that can transport 10 tons of supplies. Able to travel both on- and off-road.
M1093 STANDARD CARGO TRUCK
Able to transport 5 tons of cargo. Can be equipped with a machine gun to help provide protection against ground attacks.
M2 BRADLEY
Armored fighting vehicle provides protection for the rest of the convoy. Its main armament is a 25-mm chain gun, and it also has a machine gun and TOW antitank missile system.
HIGH MOBILITY MULTI-PURPOSE WHEELED VEHICLE
Equipped with either a .50-caliber machine gun or a grenade launcher. Can carry cargo or up to 8 people.
(Sources: David C. Isby, defense analyst; Globalsecurity.org; Janes Military Vehicles and Logistics)
Map of Kuwait and Iraq highlighting the supply route: Supplies come into the port of Shuaiba, where they are either loaded onto trucks and run up to the front, or temporarily stored at the base at Camp Arifjan next door.
Copyright © 2003, The New York Times Company
