The Associated Press March 9, 2002
U.S. in Longest War Since Vietnam
By MATT KELLEY
WASHINGTON (AP) _ The five-month war in Afghanistan has become the U.S. military's longest sustained engagement since Vietnam, with an elusive enemy sheltered in strange and savage terrain.
Still, few Americans have died in combat. Although the current Operation Anaconda is an exception, most of the fighting has been conducted with precision weapons dropped by airplanes and small special forces units working with Afghan militias.
No other war will be exactly like the one in Afghanistan, analysts and military officials say. But the battles have had many features that probably will be repeated in the war on terrorism and in future conflicts.
"You really have a trend there," says military analyst Michael Vickers of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. "We're fighting asymmetrically, using areas where we can hit the enemy and they can't hit us."
So far, 13 Americans have been killed in hostile situations in Afghanistan. The United States has about 5,300 soldiers in the country and about 60,000 military members in the region supporting the effort.
By comparison, during the six-week Gulf War in 1991 that pushed Iraqi forces out of Kuwait, there were 147 American combat deaths. More than 500,000 U.S. troops took part in the war.
The Vietnam War lasted the better part of a decade, with more than 47,000 soldiers killed in combat.
The Kosovo conflict in the spring of 1999 was an anomaly. No Americans died and no U.S. troops were used on the ground during the 78-day NATO-led air war aimed at halting Serbia's assault on ethnic Albanians.
Then-President Clinton had publicly ruled out the option of ground combat on the first day of the war, confident of achieving a low-casualty victory with selective airstrikes. The decision was criticized, especially when it appeared the Serbs would stand their ground.
The war ended quickly, however, after Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic's unexpectedly agreed to NATO terms to halt the fighting.
Pentagon officials will not estimate how many Taliban and al-Qaida fighters have died in Afghanistan since U.S. airstrikes began Oct. 7, though the number probably is in the thousands. Several hundred have been killed in the latest operation alone, military officials have estimated.
The United States has detained an additional 525 fighters, with 225 in Afghanistan and 300 at the U.S. Navy base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
Both
Guided weapons mean pilots can fly fewer missions, drop fewer bombs, put fewer U.S. troops at risk, kill fewer civilians _ and more effectively destroy enemy facilities.
When it came to ground combat, the Gulf War was a more traditional clash between two nations' military forces, played out in the expansive deserts of Kuwait and Iraq.
In Afghanistan, American forces have helped anti-Taliban forces oust the Islamic militia from power and pursue al-Qaida terrorists.
But Afghanistan has no army or police force to keep order once the United States leaves. The Pentagon plans to help train and equip an Afghan army. Experts say they expect the U.S. military to remain in Afghanistan at least through this summer.
"We are going to be engaged in this for many months to come," said analyst John Pike of GlobalSecurity.org.
Since the Taliban's collapse in December, most of the fighting has been with small, isolated groups of al-Qaida and Taliban members, many of whom are hunkered down in well-fortified caves or tunnels.
"It's been kind of like whack-a-mole: Whenever someone pops their head up, we go in and kill them," said Vickers, a former military and CIA special forces operative.
Operation Anaconda is an exception. More than 2,000 U.S., Afghan and allied troops are encircling hundreds of al-Qaida fighters in 60 square miles of rugged, snowy mountains.
Wiping out small numbers of fighters hiding in formidable terrain is difficult, which is why Rumsfeld and other defense officials are quick to say U.S. troops will not soon be leaving Afghanistan.
© Copyright 2002 The Associated Press
