The Associated Press December 6, 2001
U.S. ground forces use lasers, satellites to guide air strikes
By Matt Kelley
Directing airstrikes on Taliban and al-Qaida targets has been one of the most vital - and dangerous - jobs for U.S. special forces troops in Afghanistan.
Three soldiers were killed and 20 injured Wednesday when a one-ton bomb from an Air Force B-52 went astray and landed about 100 yards from the troops. They had just contacted the high-flying bomber for airstrikes against Taliban forces they were fighting near the southern city of Kandahar.
Calling in airstrikes usually is done by specialists called forward air controllers, often Air Force members, who are specially trained for the job. They use a variety of technologically advanced devices to pinpoint targets and tell U.S. planes when and where to shoot. One of their basic tools is a laser range finder, which gives a readout of a target's precise coordinates. Using encrypted radio transmissions, the forward air controller can give those coordinates to the bomber crew, which then enters them into a satellite-guided smart bomb's guidance system.
Some devices can transmit the coordinates directly to the bomber. Others allow the soldiers to send more detailed information - including digital photos or video - to pilots or commanders.
The process, while high-tech, is not foolproof. An error by the person who enters coordinates into the bomb's guidance system can be deadly. That's what happened Oct. 13, when a targeting error sent a bomb a mile off target near Kabul and killed four civilians.
Pentagon officials say they don't know what went wrong Wednesday or in another incident last month in which a U.S. bomb injured five American soldiers fighting Taliban prisoners in a fortress near the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif.
"This is one of the potentially most hazardous types of missions that we use as a military tactic - calling in air strikes nearly simultaneously ... on enemy forces that you're engaged in close proximity to," Pentagon spokesman Rear Adm. John Stufflebeem said Wednesday.
Ground troops also can point a laser at a target that acts as a bull's eye to guide another type of smart bomb. One advantage is that a soldier can keep a laser aimed at a moving target, allowing it to be hit from the air.
Some special forces troops carry what the Pentagon calls "Modular Target Identification and Acquisition" units, which combine a laser range finder with a laser pointer. Using laser-guided bombs can have shortfalls as well. The laser has to stay on the target while the bomb is falling. While it can track moving vehicles, the bomb could miss if something comes between the laser pointer and the target.
That could even include a cloud of dust or smoke, which obscures targets from the laser beam, said John Pike, a military expert with GlobalSecurity.org. "Afghanistan is a dreadfully dusty country," Pike said. "If the laser light is reflecting off of a dust cloud, the laser-guided bomb will attempt to blow up the dust cloud."
Special operating forces have other ways of identifying enemy targets. They can carry portable radios that can intercept the other side's radio and mobile telephone communications. They work with local friendly forces who might know which buildings, caves or vehicles should be hit. Besides night-vision goggles distributed to all troops, some special forces have high-tech sniper rifle scopes that are much more sensitive and can spot a person 1 1/2 miles away in total darkness.
Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld says the precision airstrikes directed by U.S. troops in Afghanistan were a key to the rout of Taliban forces from most of the country last month. "My goal was to get enough special forces teams in with the elements in the country that we could improve our targeting," Rumsfeld said recently. "Our targeting has gotten very good."
Associated Press Writer John J. Lumpkin in Washington contributed to this story.
Copyright 2001 The Associated Press
