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TASK
Describe the methods for detecting, interrogating, identifying, and engaging aircraft. Describe Stinger crew operations.
CONDITIONS
Given information on the methods of aircraft detection and Stinger crew operations.
STANDARDS
Demonstrate competency of the task skill and knowledge by responding to the multiple-choice test covering methods of aircraft detection and crew operations. (This objective supports SM Tasks 441-066-3021, 441-066-3024, 441-066-3026, 441-066-3028, 441-066-3032, 441-066-3036, 441-066-3040.)
To successfully accomplish an engagement, the Stinger crew must be proficient in detecting, interrogating, and identifying aircraft. This lesson focuses primarily on the methods and techniques used in detecting aircraft. Because the identification function is an integral part of the engagement sequence, it is mentioned, where appropriate, in this lesson but is not discussed in detail. Aircraft recognition training is covered in TC 44-30. FM 44-18 tells how to apply rules of engagement, which include hostile criteria and weapons control statuses, in making the decision on whether or not to fire at an aircraft (Figure 49).
The first step in a Stinger engagement is a visual detection of the target. This may be done by either member of the crew. A Stinger crew may be warned of an approaching aircraft by the FAAR/TADDS system or the early warning broadcast net. In any case, the target location must be made known to the gunner. When warning of the approach of unknown aircraft is received, the Stinger crew can narrow its search sector to the general direction from which the aircraft is coming. The range at which aircraft may be detected varies with several conditions under which detection is tried.
Since Stinger gunners are on the ground, the local terrain will influence the distance at which low-altitude aircraft will unmask; that is, not be hidden behind a hill or other features. Terrain mask should be kept in mind when selecting a site.
Detection Range
The main features of an aircraft that affect detection range are-
Search Sector Size
Search sectors should be as small as possible and still have good coverage to both sides of the expected avenues of target approach. When alerted to an approaching target, the search sector should be reduced and concentrated in the general direction of the expected approach. An observer's capability to detect and recognize aircraft increases as the size of the search sector assigned decreases. Detection is more likely if an observer is assigned responsibility for searching a narrow sector than if he is responsible for searching the entire area surrounding his position. If an alert warning system is supporting the observer, he may be assigned a fairly large sector (for example, 90 degrees) for general surveillance. When a warning is received, he then narrows his search sector (for example, 30 degrees) and centers it on the aircraft's approach azimuth 1. Decreasing sector size to less than 30 degrees may not be advisable because of inaccuracies in alert warning system azimuth data. Restricting search to a very narrow sector centered on warning data may cause the observer to miss aircraft if azimuth data are inaccurate by a few degrees. Often observers, using the horizon as a reference, tend to concentrate their search near the horizon and disregard objects high above the horizon. Therefore, when assigning a search sector, the sector should be defined in both horizontal and vertical planes (Figure 50).
Two techniques are suggested to search for aircraft-one for flat terrain, another for hilly terrain. In both, the observer should-
Flat Terrain
In flat terrain, the observer searches about 20 degrees above the horizon by moving his eyes in short movements across the sky, working his way up and across. He continues the scan pattern below the horizon to detect aircraft flying nap-of- the-earth. More detail is registered this way than with a continuous scan of the horizon (Figure 51).
In hilly terrain the observer searches the sky, using the horizon as a starting point and prominent terrain features as points of reference. He moves his eyes in short movements up the sky, over, then down, continuing this movement across the terrain. He scans in the same pattern below the horizon to detect aircraft flying nap-of-the-earth (Figure 52).
When the Stinger crew occupies a tactical position, each crew member will take turns searching for aerial targets. This allows one member to search while his partner rests his eyes and provides ground security. Search sectors are arranged to provide all-around coverage of the entire area and overlapping coverage of the assigned sector of fire on likely approach routes. When an alert warning is received, both team members shift primary search emphasis to the azimuth of approach (with frequent all-around scans) until one member detects the target (Figure 55). Stinger crews search for aircraft in their assigned sectors and as prescribed by local standing operating procedures (SOP).
At times, the Stinger crew will be assigned a sector of responsibility by the Stinger section leader to the supported unit commander. When two or more crews are defending a unit in position behind the line of contact (LC), the Stinger crew normally concentrates its search in its assigned sector and occasionally scans the remainder of the horizon. In some instances, the terrain may restrict low- level attack to particular avenues of approach, allowing the search for aircraft to be conducted along these avenues. At other times, the Stinger crew will search for aircraft as specified by local SOPs and as required by the situation. This is common when a Stinger crew is defending a convoy and when it is supporting a maneuver unit in contact or moving to contact with the enemy (Figure 53).
A map reconnaissance of the supported unit's direction of movement or area of operations will help to pinpoint areas from which aircraft are most likely to attack the unit. Mark the far sides of woodlines, ridgelines, and significant folds in the terrain out to at least 3,000 to 5,000 meters. This is where attack helicopters can lie in wait at the maximum range of their current and later model antitank guided missiles (ATGM). Mark restricting terrain-defiles and narrow valleys-where the unit may be forced to pinch together, becoming lucrative targets for air attack.
When accompanying maneuver units in contact or moving to contact with the enemy, the Stinger team usually concentrates its search for aircraft in the general direction of the enemy ground forces and occasionally searches the entire horizon. Other unit personnel should also be constantly alert to the possibility of attack by enemy aircraft. Again, the crew chief marks the route of advance on the TADDS and monitors it and the radio for warning of approaching aircraft.
Many aircraft have telltale signatures which can lead to early detection. Stinger crews should look for such things as-
Exactly when to interrogate an aircraft depends upon the weapons control status in effect. The following guidelines apply:
REMEMBER THE RIGHT TO FIRE IN SELF-DEFENSE IS NEVER DENIED, REGARDLESS OF WEAPONS CONTROL STATUS.
WEAPONS FREE Challenge upon VISUAL detection.
If you receive an "unknown" reply, proceed with your engagement sequence and activate the weapon. Missile launch is permissible on any aircraft not positively identified as friendly.
WEAPONS TIGHT Challenge upon VISUAL detection.
If you receive an "unknown" reply, proceed with your engagement sequence and activate the weapon. Do not launch the missile until after positive visual identification is achieved.
WEAPONS HOLD
DO NOT challenge.
Fire only in self-defense.
The gunner aims his weapon at the target and centers the aircraft in the range ring. He interrogates the aircraft and listens for the IFF response. The operation starts when he presses the IFF challenge switch and lasts about 2 seconds. After triggering, the IFF operation is completely automatic. It is as simple as that (Figure 54).
The IFF can be used before or after weapon activation (Figure 55).
Firing a Stinger missile at an aircraft must be in accordance with specific hostile criteria. Normally, the responsibility for target identification rests with the crew chief. The identification must be completed before the crew chief can issue a command to engage. The gunner may complete the engagement sequence up to firing, but he WILL NOT FIRE without having first received an order to engage from the crew chief. When operating as part of a split crew, or if the crew chief becomes a casualty, the gunner must assume identification responsibilities. After an aircraft has been detected, it must be identified as friendly, hostile, or unknown.
If the aircraft belongs to us or one of our allies, it is a friend and must not be engaged. We need them.
If the aircraft belongs to the enemy, it must be destroyed (except under WEAPONS HOLD). However, the right to fire in self-defense is never denied.
If the aircraft is unknown, the engagement decision is based on a WEAPONS FREE status and application of hostile criteria.
Recognition of the aircraft by name or country of manufacture is a start, but is not conclusive. For instance, the Mirage III/V is made in France. However, it is in service in 23 countries in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, and South America. Other aircrafts are similarly spread throughout the world, including some made in the United States. Target identification as hostile must be based on visual inspection of the target and its assessment against specific hostile criteria. The exact criteria in use may vary with the tactical situation, from command to command, and in terms of time and space. For example, the SOP may classify the following situations as hostile:
- Discharging smoke or spray.
- Discharging parachutists or unloading troops in excess of normal aircraft.
- Engaging in mine-laying operations.
The mission of the Stinger crew is to protect the unit which it is supporting from attack by aircraft. To be successful in this mission, the crew members must work together. This objective ties in the actions and decisions made by the crew chief and gunner during the engagement sequence. These actions and decisions must be understood by both crew members prior to and during an engagement.
The basic combat unit is the Stinger crew. It consists of a crew chief (SGT) and a gunner (SP4). Both are trained as gunners, in communications, and in detection and recognition of aircraft. During periods of intense air activity, both may act as gunners to increase the rate of fire. A basic load of six Stinger weapons (four weapon-rounds and two missile-rounds) is carried by each crew during combat operations. Stinger crews supporting maneuver units provide an additional means of forward area air defense against aircraft attacking at low altitudes.
The Stinger crews are commanded and controlled by the section chief. The section chief controls his crews in field operations through use of detailed tactical SOPs. This method of control is used because the crews are usually located at long distances from the section chief's command post. Therefore, direct and personal supervision of each crew is not normally possible. The link between the section chief and his crews is a tactical radio net. Over this net the section chief maneuvers his crews and obtains information on their status and condition. He also modifies their state of readiness by changing the air defense warning and controls their freedom to fire by use of weapons control statuses and fire control orders. Further details on command and control are found in FM 44-18.
The above fire control orders are used as required by section chiefs and crew chiefs (Figure 56).
The Stinger crew chief is responsible for the decision to engage. He must make the decision based on rules of engagement contained in the unit SOP and with criteria given him by the section chief (Figure 57). In addition to identifying the target, he is responsible for selecting the method of engagement to be used and the specific target to be fired upon.
Method of Engagement
The method used to engage aircraft depends upon the number of aircraft. A multiple target raid is a raid by two or more aircraft flying the same course, at the same speed, less than 1,000 meters apart. All other raids are single target raids.
Single Target Raids. All single target raids are engaged using a SHOOT-LOOK-SHOOT technique of fire. This method is the firing of a first missile (SHOOT) as soon as the requirements for an engagement are met, then an evaluation (LOOK) of the first missile to see if it hit the target. A second (SHOOT) missile will be fired if the first does not hit the target or appears to have failed to achieve guided flight. Upon firing the first missile, the gunner immediately readies another weapon and proceeds to regain visual track and acquire the IR tone of the target. The gunner does not watch the flight of the missile. However, the crew chief observes the flight of the missile, makes the kill evaluation, and, if time permits, directs the gunner to launch another missile. He may launch a missile himself.
Multiple Target Raids. Multiple target raids are engaged using a SHOOT-NEW TARGET-SHOOT technique of fire. This required the launching of as many missiles as possible at successive aircraft in the raid. When practical, fire coordination within a crew will be on voice command of the crew chief. When faced with multiple targets of equal threat, both crew members will engage targets. The crew chief should direct the gunner to fire at the lead or right hostile target in the prime sector of fire. The crew chief engages the trailing or left hostile target. When a multiple target is to be engaged, a typical command would be HOSTILE, SHOOT-NEW TARGET-SHOOT, ENGAGE. Fire will be withheld if friendly and hostile aircraft are closely intermixed. (For further details, refer to FM 44-18 and your unit SOP.)
Gunner's Firing Actions
When the gunner detects the target or receives direction from the crew chief on the target, the gunner attempts to acquire the target in the sight. He is assisted by the crew chief in acquiring the correct target. When tracking has been established, the gunner continues tracking while waiting for an engagement command. The crew chief's engagement command releases the gunner to fire when the gunner decides that the aircraft meets the technical requirements for a successful engagement. Several essential elements of the engagement sequence must be met before the gunner can properly fire.
Crew Chief's Engagement Decision
When the crew chief has made a firm decision, he will issue an engagement command to the gunner. The command must include the words HOSTILE and ENGAGE and specify the method of engagement. Typical commands would be-
HOSTILE, SHOOT-LOOK-SHOOT, ENGAGE.
HOSTILE, SHOOT-NEW TARGET-SHOOT, ENGAGE.
The following situations show how the Stinger crew chief uses his prescribed rules to make an engagement decision. It is critical that this decision be timely and accurate. To accomplish this, the crew chief must thoroughly understand the rules of engagement and control measures applicable to the Stinger system. I am a Stinger crew chief in the following four situations (Figures 58 through 61).
The speed of modern aircraft is such that the time allowed for completing an engagement may not be more than 10 to 20 seconds. To accomplish all of the tasks required for a successful engagement in this short time requires a smooth, rapid, and almost automatic response by the gunner to every engagement situation. To obtain this type of response requires a set of rules and procedures which can be learned to the point that they can be applied automatically. Previous objectives have dealt with the subjects of detecting and identifying aircraft and how to handle and operate the Stinger weapon. This objective outlines firing techniques necessary to engage aircraft. For the engagement to be successful, these additional decisions must be made.
Stinger crew members must make certain decisions that make up the Stinger weapon firing technique. These decisions are combined with other mechanical operations to complete the engagement process. Stinger crew members must make the following decisions:
Determine if the aircraft is a jet or prop (Figure 62).
Determine when to activate the weapon. Upon detection, a decision must be made immediately by the crew chief as to whether or not the aircraft is a potential threat. If its direction of flight indicates that it will penetrate the defended area, the gunner issues an IFF challenge. If the aircraft fails to correctly respond to the IFF challenge, it is considered a potential threat. The crew chief orders the gunner to activate the weapon at this point. For slowmoving targets, or targets detected at extremely long ranges, the 30-second life of the BCU may expire prior to launch. The gunner will be cued to this event by a noticeable loss in prelaunch power in the weapon. A significant noise level decreases in the IR tone and gyro spin will also take place as the BCU reaches its life limit. If a BCU is expended prior to a launch, the gunner merely inserts a new BCU and resumes the engagement sequence. The removal and insertion of a BCU can be accomplished in a few seconds. By following this insertion of a BCU can be accomplished in a few seconds. By following this procedure of activating when the aircraft is judged to be a potential threat, a few BCUs may be expended. However, few if any targets will escape engagement.
ACTIVATE RULE ACTIVATE WHEN THE AIRCRAFT APPEARS TO BE PENETRATING THE DEFENDED AREA AND FAILS TO CORRECTLY RESPOND TO AN IFF CHALLENGE.
Determine if the aircraft is an incoming/outgoing or crossing target. Once the aircraft is detected, the weapon is sighted so that the aircraft's image is aligned within the range ring of the weapon sight. Tracking the aircraft in the proper stance will help the gunner determine whether the aircraft is on an incoming/outgoing or crossing path. The gunner assumes a proper stance by stepping directly toward the target with his left foot and leaning into the weapon. In this position, if the gunner has any horizontal movement of his arms or upper body as he tracks the target, then the target should be considered crossing. If there is a lack of any horizontal movement, then the target should be considered incoming/outgoing. Also indicative of an incoming/outgoing aircraft is any vertical movement of the gunner's arms or upper body.
REMEMBER If the gunner has any horizontal movement of his arms and upper body while tracking an aircraft, then the aircraft is a crossing target.
If there is NO horizontal movement, the aircraft is an incoming/outgoing target.
Determine when to launch the Stinger missile. When to launch is the most critical decision made by the Stinger gunner. He must evaluate the target and determine if the target is within the Stinger missile's range. The type of aircraft (jet or prop) and the flight path (incoming/outgoing or crossing) will determine what rule will be used for the launch decision. By applying the specific rule for the type and flight path of the aircraft, the Stinger gunner can be assured that he will fire within the effective range of the missile.
For incoming/outgoing jet aircraft, the launch decision is based on a range ring measurement. The gunner moves the weapon so that the aircraft's image is within the range ring of the sight. He then evaluates the size of the aircraft image relative to the width the range ring. For example, if the aircraft's size within the range ring is approximately one-half the size of the range ring measured across, then the aircraft is at one-half of the range ring. A helpful hint in estimating aircraft size within the range ring is to place the aircraft at the inner left (or right) edge of the range ring before making a size estimate. The gap at the bottom of the range ring is also used to measure range ring size. This gap measures one-fifth the size of the range ring. When an aircraft fills this gap, it is at one-fifth range ring. To determine when to launch the missile at an incoming/outgoing jet, the gunner tracks the jet and makes continuous size estimates. When the jet reaches a specified range ring size, it is considered to be within range of the missile. This is the earliest point at which the gunner may launch. He is also given a second range ring measurement to indicate when he is to hold fire on the jet (Figure 63).
When to launch the missile at incoming/outgoing jet aircraft is based on the RANGE RING MEASUREMENTS RULE.
Note: The actual range ring measurements used in determining when to launch at incoming jets are classified and are contained in (S)FM 44-1A(U).
Crossing Jets
For crossing jets, the launch decision is based on a time count rule. The gunner positions the weapon sight slightly forward of a crossing jet image, then holds the weapon stationary. He waits until the jet's nose reaches a fixed point within the sight. When it reaches this fixed point, the gunner begins counting off in seconds, "one thousand one, one thousand two..." He watches the jet travel horizontally to another fixed point before or at the same time that this specified second is counted off, then the jet is within the missile's range. The gunner can launch the missile. However, if the jet takes longer than the specified time to travel from one fixed point to another, then the jet is beyond the missile's range. The gunner must not fire (Figure 64).
The following example, using a hypothetical time count rule, is offered for illustration purposes only. Assume that the time count rule specifies, "Launch at a crossing jet if it travels from one edge of the weapon sight to the opposite edge in less than 4 seconds." Consider the gunner engaging a jet crossing from left to right. He positions the weapon sight slightly to the right of the crossing jet, then holds the weapon steady (A). He waits until the jet's nose reaches the first fixed point-the left edge of the weapon sight (B). When the jet reaches this point, the gunner begins counting off, "one thousand one, one thousand two..." If the jet's nose reaches the right edge before or at the moment the gunner counts off one thousand four, the jet is within the missile's range (C). The gunner can launch the missile. However, if the jet has not reached the right edge by one thousand four, it is beyond the range of the missile. The gunner must not fire (Figures 63 and 64). When to launch the missile at crossing jet aircraft is based on the TIME COUNT RULE.
Note: The tail of the aircraft may be used instead of the nose in this procedure. However, only one aircraft section -nose or tail-must be used throughout the procedure.
Note: Refer to (S)FM 44-1A(U) for the actual fixed points and the number of seconds (time count rule) used in determining when to launch at crossing jets.
For propeller-driven aircraft and helicopters, no time count rule or range ring measurements are used (Figure 65).
Jet Aircraft
Incoming/Outgoing Aircraft. Launch when the jet image is within the proper range ring sizes.
Crossing Aircraft. Launch if the jet meets the time count rule criteria.
Propeller-Driven Aircraft
Launch when the weapon is activated, a positive hostile ID is made, and IR acquisition lock-on is obtained.
Engagement Sequence
The following section outlines a basic sequence of events for engagement of jet and prop aircraft. The sequence of events places events in the order that they usually occur, but it is not rigid. For example, determining aircraft type (jet or prop) and identification may take place at any time prior to launch. Also, certain actions, such as tracking and determining whether the jet is incoming or crossing, are done continuously throughout the engagement sequence (Figures 66 through 75).
LAUNCH RULE, PROPS Launch when the weapon has been activated and a positive hostile ID and IR acquisition lock-on are obtained.
The Stinger crew, because of the rapid pace of mobile warfare, spends a great deal of time moving, communicating, positioning, and repositioning. These and other tasks are performed under tactical conditions. This objective provides guidelines on those operations and activities which will assist you in performing your mission.
For the Stinger crew to fight, it is necessary to make certain preparations. The team chief must get answers to questions such as-
Note: Modify the list to fit the mission/situation.
The Stinger crew must have answers to questions about the operation if they are to be successful in battle. Whenever possible, the crew chief should make out a checklist and attempt to find the answers.
The crew chief may receive the mission either orally or in writing. The crew chief should remember the details which directly affect the crew mission. Jotting down some of the information may assist you to remember some of the details. If some important information affecting the mission is vague, ask questions about the matter.
The crew chief should make a tentative plan for operation of the crew. Normally, a crew chief is given specific instructions by the section chief or sergeant, such as "Accompany company team A (indicated by map or by pointing) as soon as possible. Occupy this position as coordinates 86350115. Your crew will be close to the 3d platoon on this knoll. The weapons control status is WEAPONS FREE. Check the position on the ground for a good primary and an alternate position. Be prepared for air attack at any time as you move up with the troops. I'll come back and check your position later."
In choosing between available positions, usually advantages and disadvantages must be weighed against each other. When compromises are necessary, how well the crew can do its mission at the position is the determining factor. Use the Position Selection Checklist when picking Stinger positions (Figure 75).
Equipment must be checked for completeness and proper functioning. If changes are required, such as a radio frequency change, make sure they are done at the proper time. Sufficient rations and water must be acquired, et cetera.
The crew chief should check his map frequently to make sure he knows where he will be positioned and how he is to get there. After receiving the verbal or written order from the section chief, the crew chief briefs the gunner on the new operation. The crew chief makes sure that the gunner receives all necessary information to accomplish the mission. The soldier does a better job if he knows the situation and is kept informed.
When ordered to move out, the crews go to their designated locations and effect liaison with the commander of the supported or nearest unit. The crew chief explains the crew's mission and touches base on communications, ammunition resupply, refueling, and rations. The crew chief should coordinate with other small unit leaders for positioning (night and day), security, et cetera.
How to Select a Position
Upon arrival of the crew at the designated location, the gunner readies his equipment for action. The crew chief selects the best firing position within the area selected by the section chief. This site is the team's primary position. Terrain evaluation is a continuous process. Mission accomplishment is the prime consideration in site selection. Cover, concealment, and camouflage should also be considered when a choice of sites is available. When selecting positions, give particular attention to unobstructed fields of fire, masking clearance, and backblast area. Terrain features, which present a masking problem for employment of Stinger, are evaluated for height, distance, and direction from the firing positions. The crew chief attempts to select a position which lessens the effect of terrain masking.
The smoke signature of the Stinger missile and backblast can be expected to reveal the crew's position during an engagement. After an engagement in forward areas, the team must quickly move to an alternate position. In rear areas, where the threat of ground artillery fire is remote, the need to move quickly to another position is not as great. Alternate positions need not and should not be far from the primary position. An alternate position should be at least 200 to 300 meters from the primary position. The alternate position covers the same sector of fire as the primary position.
Time permitting, routes into and out of these positions must be reconnoitered and selected. The routes should afford cover between positions.
How to Occupy a Position
The primary task is to select the best firing position within the area assigned by the section chief and become operational. Once a position has been selected for a Stinger crew, movement to it and initial occupation are as discussed in FM 44-18. The first priority in occupying a position is preparing weapons for action. The Stinger crew must occupy its position as fast as possible. Next, the physical security of the position must be improved as required. The extent to which the crew prepares and improves a position will vary according to the mission, the length of stay, and the danger from enemy fire. Use the Position Occupation Checklist when occupying a position (Figure 76).
Note: The exact sequence of actions may vary between crews and crew members depending on the tactical situation. However, the guidelines shown in Figure 77 should be used for a hasty occupation.
Because the Stinger crews are widely dispersed and subject to frequent and rapid moves, radio is the primary means of communication during employment. Radio nets are supple mented and paralleled by wire nets when time, the tactical situation, and security permit their use.
The Stinger crew operates in the Stinger command net. This is a two-way net between the Stinger section headquarters and the Stinger crews (Figure 78).
Stinger crews may be assigned to support armored, infantry, mechanized (AIM) divisions; separate brigades; and armored cavalry regiments. Stinger crews are equipped to operate in the parent section command net and monitor the supported unit command net. Monitoring the supported unit command net keeps the Stinger crew informed of ongoing tactical operations. The Stinger crew is authorized an AN/VRC-47 (Figure 79).
Note: When the Stinger crew uses the section command net and the supported unit nets in this manner, it is receiving a great deal of information.
Stinger crews may also be assigned to support airborne or airmobile divisions. Stinger crews with an airborne division are equipped with two AN/GRC-160 radio sets. Crews operate in the Stinger section command net and the supported unit command net. The airmobile division's crews are equipped with the AN/PRC-77 for use in the Stinger command net and the AN/PRC-68 for use in supported unit command net (Figure 80).
When a Vulcan platoon is in direct support of a company team also supported by Stinger, the Vulcan platoon leader, Vulcan squads, and Stinger crew(s) operate in the Vulcan platoon net. By joining the Vulcan platoon command net, the Stinger crew will receive all early warning information, changes in weapons control status, air defense warning, alert status, and other information given to the Vulcan platoon. This method ensures coordination of the air defense effort. If the Stinger section chief needs to get information to the Stinger crew, he can contact the Vulcan platoon leader who can pass on the information (Figure 81).
Note: Other netting arrangements with organic radios may be employed depending on the tactical situation.
Radio Set AN/VRC-47
The basic components used with this set include a receiver- transmitter (RT) and auxiliary receiver (Figure 82).
Radio Set AN/GRC-160
Radio set AN/GRC-160 incorporates the components and operational characteristics of the portable FM radio set AN/PRC-77 and the vehicular radio AN/VRC-64. The AN/PRC-77 can be operated as a portable radio by removing it from the AN/GRC-160 vehicle mounted configuration (Figure 83).
Radio set AN/PRC-77
The AN/PRC-77 is a short-range, lightweight, frequency modulated (FM), fully transistorized radio set that can be manpacked and operated with speed security equipment (Figure 83).
Note: Stinger section communications are covered in FM 44-18.
Radio Set, AN/PRC-68
The AN/PRC-68 is a battery-operated, hand-held FM radio set. Stinger crews in the airmobile division can both transmit and receive communications on the supported unit command net. By attaching a secure voice module (SVM) to the AN/PRC-68, it is capable of operating in the secure mode.
Radio Set Control Group AN/GRA-39B
This battery-operated remote control system consists of a local control unit and a remote control unit. When connected with field wire, the AN/GRA-39B can be operated from a distance of up to 3.2 km (2 mi). By using the remote control unit, Stinger crew members can transmit and receive communications information while positioned away from their vehicles (Figure 84).
Communicating by Radio
The Stinger crew radio operator must be able to effectively communicate in a net. To do this, he must use radiotelephone procedures. Radiotelephone procedures must be used properly to prevent giving the enemy useful information. Radiotelephone procedures are based on the ACP 124-series. Each radiotelephone station forms part of a net in which it is connected to other stations. The net control station (NCS) maintains circuit discipline within a net. Here are a few definitions and fundamentals used for communication by radio. When operating in a radiotelephone net, all operators must observe the rules.
Nets. The type of net is determined by the NCS according to operating conditions. The types of nets are-
Call Signs. A call sign is a letter-number-letter combination assigned to a unit. Every unit in an organization has a different call sign. The complete call sign is used under the following conditions:
Suffixes. Call sign suffixes are two-number groups assigned to positions or activities within a unit. The call sign and suffix together identify the sender and receiver of a radio message.
When the NCS is prepared to open the net, he will call the net and issue a challenge to the net.
EXAMPLE ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-AUTHENTICATE BRAVO LIMA-OVER
The first station responds to the NCS, answers his challenge, and issues a challenge to him.
EXAMPLE ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-THIS IS-BRAVO ZERO FOXTROT ZERO SEVEN-I AUTHENTICATE HOTEL-AUTHENTICATE MIKE PAPA-OVER
The NCS answers to the net and issues a challenge which is answered by the next station in sequence.
EXAMPLE ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-I AUTHENTICATE PAPA-AUTHENTICATE BRAVO FOXTROT-OVER
The remaining stations respond to the net, answer the challenge, and issue a challenge for the next station. The last station does not issue a challenge as all stations will have answered a challenge at this point.
EXAMPLE ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-CHARLIE EIGHT TANGO ONE ONE-I AUTHENTICATE LIMA- AUTHENTICATE DELTA XRAY-OVER
ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-LIMA SEVEN LIMA ZERO NINE-I AUTHENTICATE CHARLIE-OVER
Should a station not answer, the next station in order will wait 5 seconds and then answer. The station that missed its turn will answer last. The NCS responds and indicates type of net.
EXAMPLE FREE NET: ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-OUT
DIRECTED NET: ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-THIS IS A DIRECTED NET-OF WHAT PRECEDENCE AND FOR WHOM ARE YOUR MESSAGES-
Note: Authentication is not required when the net is opened for the first time of a new radio day. In a high threat area where enemy imitative communications deception has been extensive, normal authentification will be used.
When the NCS is prepared to close a net, he will call the net and issue closedown instructions.
EXAMPLE ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-CLOSE DOWN-OVER
The first substation responds to the NCS and issues a challenge to him.
EXAMPLE ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-THIS IS- BRAVO ZERO FOXTROT ZERO SEVEN-AUTHENTICATE KILO GOLF-OVER
The NCS answers the challenge to the net and each station responds to the NCS indicating they have received this transmission.
EXAMPLE ALFA TWO DELTA-THIS IS-ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-I AUTHENTICATE DELTA-OVER ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-THIS IS-BRAVO ZERO FOXTROT ZERO SEVEN-ROGER-OUT ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-THIS IS-CHARLIE EIGHT TANGO ONE ONE-ROGER-OUT ALFA TWO DELTA TWO EIGHT-THIS IS-LIMA SEVEN LIMA ZERO NINE-ROGER OUT
All stations remain on the air until the last station has responded.
Radio/Telephone Prowords. Certain commonly used prowords have distinct meanings and are used to shorten the amount of time in voice communications and to avoid confusion. Use them when talking on the telephone or the radio.
Frequency Assignments. Each radio net is assigned a frequency. These frequencies are changed by the unit communications-electronics officer and are changed when and where needed. The Stinger crew radio operator should be adept at changing radio frequencies. Refer to the technical manual covering your radio for instruction on how to do this.
The Stinger crew uses wire communications whenever possible. Crew positions may be interconnected by wire for local communications in static situations or during listening or radio silence. When the supported unit establishes its wire system, the Stinger crew can communicate with its section headquarters by wire. Information on how to connect your field telephone and use of field wire is explained in FM 24-20.
Members of split Stinger crews also use wire to communicate. Because only one radio and one TADDS are within the crew, the crew chief stays with the radio and TADDS. The gunner strings wire to another position, attaches the field telephone, and establishes communications with the crew chief.
Each Stinger crew is issued two telephone sets. The TA-1/PT telephone is a sound-powered telephone that provides facilities for talking and signaling without batteries. It weighs only 3.5 pounds and has a range with field wire of approximately 10 to 15 km. This telephone set can be used to advantage in forward areas, employed in switched wire networks (during periods when radio nets are closed), or as point-to-point circuits.
Reel unit RL-39 is a lightweight, portable, chest-type reel consisting of an axle with carrying handles, carrying straps, and a crank for rewinding. The RL-39 mounts spool DR-8-A, which has a capacity of 0.4 km (1/4 mile) of field wire WD-1/TT (wire not included as a component). This reel is normally used to lay short local circuits, up to 0.4 km, over difficult terrain or in forward areas.
Field wire is recoverable and is reusable; always take it up before you move out of a position, if the situation permits.
Arm and hand signals may be used by the Stinger crew members to communicate among themselves and with supported unit personnel. Arm and hand signals are useful when radio or wire is not available and battlefield noise does not permit use of voice commands. Arm and hand signals should be used only when absolutely necessary. Standards and special arm and hand signals to control small unit actions, recovery operations, and vehicle movements for the tank and mechanized infantry company team are covered in FM 71-1, The Tank and Mechanized Infantry Company Team. When Stinger crews are supporting a maneuver unit, they should be familiar with the visual signals used by leaders of the unit (Figure 85).
Note: Arm and hand signals for the communication of Stinger fire commands are shown in Figure 86.
A Stinger crew may be warned of an approaching aircraft or it may visually detect the target without prior warning. Warning of the approach of an aircraft increases the chances of successfully engaging it. An alert warning will usually give the general location and heading of the aircraft and a tentative identification.
The Stinger crew may receive early warning (EW)/alert information which is broadcast over the ADA EW broadcast net. These data are received at section headquarters over the ADA EW net. In turn, section headquarters sends pertinent information to the Stinger crews over the section command net (Figure 87).
The FAAR/TADDS system is the primary means of providing alerting information to the Stinger crews. This information is transmitted by RFDL to TADDS receivers located with the Stinger teams (Figure 88).
The FAAR system is a complete, self-contained, highly mobile radar system. It provides early warning in the form of general target location in terms of distance and direction. It also provides identification in terms of friend or unknown for each target displayed. The RFDL system provides a data communications link from the FAAR to the TADDS at the Stinger positions. The FAAR has an additional capability of passing voice radio transmissions (Figure 89).
The TADDS is a lightweight receiver which receives and displays target alert information sent from a FAAR. It displays location and tentative identification of aerial targets which are detected by a FAAR. The TADDS display consists of a grid containing 49 squares (a 7 by 7 grid). Each side of a square represents 5 kilometers. Indicators on the TADDS appear within the proper square when an encoded message is received. A green disk appears for a friend; an orange disk appears for an unknown. Either or both disks may appear in a square. If both appear, this means that at least two aircraft are in the area, one a friend and one an unknown. The TADDS also has the capability of receiving voice transmission over the RFDL frequency (Figure 90).
For best reception, a site for the TADDS is selected which allows as close to a clear line of sight to the FAAR as possible. It should be emplaced where a maximum signal strength reading is obtained. The key characteristic of the signal when heard from the speaker indicates that data link signals, not interference, are being received. Emplacement of the TADDS is quickly accomplished by one man. The operator performs the operational checks listed in TM 9-1430-589-12 to ensure proper operation.
Line of sight is necessary between the FAAR and the TADDS at the team location. The team chief tunes the TADDS receiver to the frequency of the nearest FAAR. If no signal is received, he then consults the communications-electronics operation instructions (CEOI) for the frequency and code of other FAARs. When he receives a signal, he requests the coordinates of that FAAR from his section chief.
After netting with the FAAR, the TADDS must be oriented to magnetic north. This is done by using the compass on the TADDS. The position of the TADDS in relation to the FAAR must be plotted. The center square of the grid represents the location of the FAAR. Stinger crew personnel, knowing the location of the FAAR and their own location, can plot and mark their position displayed on the TADDS.
When this is done, the direction and range of any target can be easily determined. The flight path of the target can be determined by observing the target disks exposed as the target progresses along the grid.
The TADDS can be operated while the crew is on the move by emplacing it on the vehicle hood or on the gunner's lap. Visually orient the TADDS to a prominent terrain feature located on your map, as metal in and around the vehicle will prevent you from obtaining a correct compass reading. As the vehicle is moving, turn the TADDS slightly to compensate for any changes in direction. An audible tone should alert the gunner to new information being displayed on the TADDS. Focus your attention on the display squares closest to the square that you are in. Any targets appearing within 5 to 7 kilometers of your position are of immediate concern to you. These targets must be identified.
The Stinger crew chief coordinates with the supported unit commander or his representative as soon as he is given his mission. When the crew habitually supports a unit, coordination may become routine. Good relations between the Stinger crew members and the supported unit are a must. The Stinger crew chief should offer advice on air defense matters and keep the supported unit commander informed of ongoing air activity whenever necessary. While the section chief normally coordinates with the supported unit commander on team messing, resupplying, refueling, et cetera, the crew chief will have to coordinate on a local level. Keep in mind that you can keep good relations with the supported unit by observing some these do's and don'ts.
A Stinger crew is best employed as a two-man crew. In certain situations, however, the crew may be split. Splitting the crew degrades command and control and the ability to detect, positively identify, and engage aircraft. If your crew has to operate in this manner, here are some points to consider.
When protecting a convoy, Stinger personnel normally engage aircraft only if the column comes under attack. If early warning information is received via the section command net or TADDS, the Stinger crew chief relays the information to the convoy commander. After sighting or being alerted to enemy aircraft, the convoy commander alerts his vehicle commanders to the possible air attack. The convoy is then prepared to engage the aircraft with all available small arms and machine guns. The convoy commander may take one of three options with his vehicles, and order the vehicle commanders to-
Regardless of the option chosen by the convoy commander, the Stinger crew reacts in only one manner. When air attack is imminent, the Stinger crew moves its vehicle off the road, dismounts, and takes up the best available firing position. This position should have good visibility and be located where Stinger can be safely fired.
Note: Stinger crews should be proficient in quick-reaction drill and mounted crew drill.
Once the crew is positioned, the crew chief bases his engagement decision on the weapons control status in effect and by applying hostile criteria. The right to fire in self-defense is never denied. The gunner engages the aircraft upon receiving the crew chief's engagement order. Ideally, the aircraft will be engaged on its first pass, before the attack run is made on the convoy. When the column is attacked, the combined fires of all available small arms, machine guns, Stinger, and other ADA weapons are directed on the aircraft. If not destroyed, the aircraft pilot will at least have his ordnance delivery impaired.
When the immediate threat of air attack has subsided, the Stinger crew notifies section headquarters of the attack, missile expenditure, and any other information required by the local SOP. The crew rejoins the convoy, passing other vehicles as necessary to resume its assigned position.
Stinger crews may be pre-positioned at critical points along the Convoy's route. This method of employment is used when a slowdown, halt, or congestion of the convoy is likely at a critical point. These critical points, such as road junctions, bridges, and refueling points, provide prime targets for threat air strikes. Pre-positioning is used when the distance to be travelled is short (for example, 5 km) or when circumstances permit the crews to blend into the column after it passes the critical point. Sufficient time must be available for the crew to move ahead of the convoy and occupy its position prior to the convoy passing the critical point.
The crew chief selects a suitable crew position that affords an early engagement capability. This means that the position should be at least 1 to 2 kilometers away from the critical point, in the expected direction of air attack. If other Stinger crews are available to defend the critical point, they will be approximately 2 to 3 kilometers away from you to ensure overlapping fires. Other requirements described earlier in this lesson should be considered in selecting a position.
When the Stinger crew is supporting a maneuver unit, positioning of the crew is very important. Two methods can be used:
Deployed Behind Maneuver Units
When deployed to its rear, the Stinger crew follows the unit by successive movements. Crews should remain approximately 500 meters behind the maneuver unit. The section chief has positioning authority of crews with this mission. He selects crew positions and gives special instructions for engagement and sectors of fire. The crew may be allowed to select the fastest and easiest route between positions rather than moving with the supported unit. The crew chief must coordinate closely with the supported unit in this type of maneuver. Without this coordination, the maneuver unit may outrun its Stinger air defense protection.
At each successive position, the crew chief selects the best position on the ground to accomplish the mission. The crew chief should be alert to displace at the same time as the maneuver unit. In position, the crew should place the vehicle under cover and conceal it as much as possible. The crew should then look for a good firing position not too far from the vehicle. By connecting field wire between the vehicle radio and the AN/GRC-39B, the crew chief can maintain communications while away from his vehicle. The position may be as far as 3.2 km (2 mi) away from the vehicle. He should also emplace the TADDS immediately so that the crew can receive an alert warning. Another consideration is safety. Be sure that no other troops or equipment are within the backblast danger area of the firing position.
The crew chief will have to use his judgment on how many weapons will have to be off-loaded. If the stay is just for an hour or less, it should be safe to have about two weapons and one or two missile-rounds immediately available. The ideal situation is to have two weapons and two missile- rounds immediately available and the remainder of the basic load readily accessible.
The crew should always be ready to defend the supported unit. However, there are times when the unit is more vulnerable to air attack. This is when Stinger crews should be most prepared against surprise attack. An example is when the unit is in an assembly area.
Deploy the Crew with the Formation
Maintaining all-around observation and fields of fire, as well as maintaining communications, will be difficult. The crew should be able to communicate with the section headquarters and the supported unit. In addition, the crew should be able to receive early warning information at any time. When positioning-
When the Stinger crew is in support of a maneuver unit, usually a company team, it moves with the unit. The company team commander has positioned the Stinger crew in direct support of his unit and gives special instructions for firing. Usually, the Stinger crew in direct support of a maneuver unit remains with the overwatch element. The crew occupies the best position available.
The Stinger crew may have its own transportation or be mounted on a tracked vehicle on a share-a-ride basis. If the crew is mounted and traveling when warning of an air attack is received, it dismounts from the vehicle as quickly as possible. The crew immediately takes the best firing position available. If the crew is mounted on a shared tracked vehicle, reaction time (dismount to prepared to fire the weapon) will be reduced. When the crew is in a firing position on the ground, it can react much faster to air attack.
To communicate with section headquarters, the Stinger crew, mounted on a shared tracked vehicle, will have to relay information through the supported unit (Figure 91).
Reduced visibility during the hours of darkness will limit the intensity and effectiveness of enemy air attack. Low level attacks by threat aircraft can be expected. At night, however, the air threat is not as great. This is particularly true in the forward area where frequent movement of forces complicates the enemy's ability to see his targets (Figure 92).
If an attacking aircraft is seen, it can be engaged. The difficulty encountered in visually identifying aircraft during periods of darkness and inclement weather handicaps, but does not eliminate, nighttime use of Stinger for air defense. Therefore the Stinger crew should generally not attempt to engage hostile aircraft at night if those aircraft are not attacking the asset they are defending. Visual detection, visual identification, and determining range ring size are difficult, if not impossible. Stinger can be used under two conditions-
Aircraft detection and acquisition may be aided by early alerts, engine sounds, reflected light, moonlight, enemy flares, and engine exhaust flames. For targets above the horizon, use the figure 8 method. For targets below the horizon, use the sweeping method. These methods are described in Lesson 1, Learning Event 4. When you have achieved IR lock, proceed with the engagement as in the daytime.
The launch of a Stinger missile is easily detectable at night. Enemy forces on the ground may well be able to determine your position on the ground. Although Stinger crews normally move to alternate positions after each engagement, enemy suppressive fire may force the supported unit to move. For this reason, Stinger crews normally respond only to direct attack on the asset they are defending at night.
Stinger crews supporting a unit that is moving during the night or during times of reduced visibility, normally move with the unit, remaining within the unit's formation for security. Crews supporting a unit in position at nightfall, move to positions within the perimeter of the supported unit for better security against ground attack. The section chief will tell the crew when and where to displace at night. However, the crew chief should closely coordinate with the supported unit commander on the exact location of the position. The selected positions should not compromise the commander's plan for defense of his unit. An example of day-night positioning is shown in Figure 93. Binoculars are far superior to the naked eye in daytime, and at night when ambient light (moonlight, flares, searchlights, et cetera) exists. The crew chief should use binoculars to assist the gunner to find the aircraft. TC 44-30 tells you how to use them.
Stinger crews are allocated to ADA units to provide self- defense protection. This need has developed because of the improved capability of threat forces to destroy our ADA units. Stinger can be relied on to protect these ADA units when they are displacing, traveling in a convoy, emplacing, and refueling, or during other critical periods that make the units vulnerable to air attack. This learning lesson discusses how Stinger can be employed to protect these ADA units from enemy air attacks.
High-to-medium-altitude air defense (HIMAD) units, such as Nike Hercules and Hawk, can no longer expect the relative security previously provided by their rear area locations. Threat forces now have the ability to launch aircraft in great numbers that would soon saturate ADA defense. These aircraft would then be able to penetrate to the HIMAD units in the corps and theater areas. Stinger can be used by these units to provide protection from these mass air attacks.
Stinger is used by HIMAD units to compensate for system limitations (for example, Nike Hercules is not designed for low-altitude air defense coverage). Stinger can be incorporated into their defense to counter this low-flying aircraft threat. HIMAD radar systems are vulnerable to ECM. Since Stinger is not a radar-directed missile system, it does not fall prey to ECM tactics. Another advantage in positioning Stinger with a HIMAD unit is that Stinger can be used to engage threat aircraft before they enter the HIMAD system's dead zone. Stinger's head-on engagement capability can be effectively used to provide this needed close-in protection for the HIMAD unit. In effect, by adding Stinger, the HIMAD unit is allowed to concentrate on its primary mission-HIMAD (Figure 94).
The Stinger crews should be positioned along avenues of approach likely to be used by enemy aircraft. Early engagement positions should be far enough away from the HIMAD site to ensure that threat aircraft are engaged before they reach their bomb release point (Figure 94). The crew may be positioned to cover an area that is masked by terrain features, and is "unseen" by HIMAD radars. In this situation, the Stinger crew is positioned within the masked area. The position selected should allow you to have a good observation. If possible, this position should also allow you to see the HIMAD unit. In this way, you can see attempted air attacks from other directions. On flat terrain, Stinger crews are placed opposite each other on the site's perimeter. This will allow 180o coverage by each crew. Used in this way, Stinger can engage aircraft before they enter the HIMAD dead zone. Stinger crews cannot operate in isolated positions indefinitely. They must be supplied with rations, water, and other supplies. Crew chiefs should coordinate with the HIMAD unit for these items (Figure 95).
Stinger personnel in Hawk units usually receive their rules of engagement and firing instructions directly from the tactical control officer (TCO). By marking Stinger crew positions on their plan position indicator (PPI), Hawk personnel can monitor approaching aircraft not engageable by Hawk, and alert the Stinger crew. In this way, some early warning can be given to the Stinger crews for those aircraft using terrain masking to avoid being engaged by Hawk systems. Stinger personnel in Nike Hercules units may receive some guidance from the battery control officer (BCO) through his battery control station. Normally, crew personnel will operate in accordance with their battery's tactical SOP.
Since Stinger will be used primarily to engage undetected aircraft approaching the Patriot site, it is unlikely that Stinger crew members will receive any early warning information from the BCO. Usually, the AN/PRC-77 radio will be for communication with HIMAD unit. However, wire communications can also be used. Crews can be linked by wire with the HIMAD control vans.
When employed with Chaparral Units, Stinger can be used for self-defense, augmentation of a defense, or as a substitute weapon. As a self-defense for a Chaparral unit, Stinger can be used to cover a nonoperational fire unit. In augmenting a Chaparral defense, the Stinger crews nay be used to provide low-altitude coverage to areas inaccessible to the fire units. Stinger can be used as a substitute weapon for Chaparral because of the similarity in the two missile systems effective ranges.
In a self-defense role, Stinger protects exposed Chaparral fire units. One example of this is when a Chaparral fire unit is emplaced, but is not completely masked by hilly terrain. A threat attack helicopter, using a pop-up tactic can rise behind the terrain and fire at the Chaparral fire unit. The Stinger team in this instance can be positioned on the other side of the hill to counter such an attack.
Stinger can be used to augment Chaparral's defense of a critical asset. The crews are positioned to cover vulnerable areas in the low-altitude defense. These vulnerable areas are formed because of the limited number of Chaparral units allocated to the critical asset's defense. The areas can be formed by surrounding terrain features which may deny access to Chaparral fire units. For example, Stinger crews can be positioned on steep hills that the Chaparral fire units cannot climb.
Stinger provides continuous air defense coverage while the Chaparral fire unit is nonoperational. This may occur during rearming, refueling, maintenance downtime, or for other reasons. Since the effective range of the Stinger missile is close to that of the Chaparral missile, the Stinger system can temporarily replace the chaparral system. It is also during these vulnerable periods that Stinger can be utilized as a self-defense weapon. When employed in these situations, the Stinger crew should be positioned as close to the fire unit as possible, observing safety restrictions.
When Chaparral elements are displacing to another location by Convoy, they are vulnerable to air attack. Stinger must be used to protect these elements on the road. Stinger's quick reaction time can be most valuable to the Chaparral units at this time. Stinger crews supporting an ADA unit in convoy are integrated into the march column. They are positioned at each end of the march column to take advantage of the Stinger missile's head-on engagement capability.
When Stinger crews are deployed away from Chaparrel fire units, the crews must establish telephone communications with the nearest fire unit. Information is then relayed to the crew by personnel at the fire unit. If the Stinger crew is collocated with the fire unit, the radio and TADDS of the fire unit should be used.
Unless the airspace over the battlefield is denied him, the enemy will attack and harass our ground forces from the air. It is the job of the Stinger crew to help deny the enemy use of this airspace. As a result, enemy air and ground forces, supported by sophisticated intelligence gathering and weapon systems, will be dedicated to air defense suppression in an effort to win control of the airspace. The answer to survival on the battlefield is to become invisible and undetectable. This objective describes the techniques and procedures which you must use to survive on the battlefield.
Natural cover (ravines, hollows, reverse slopes) and artificial cover (foxholes, trenches, walls) protect you from fire. The battlefield provides cover such as rubble, abandoned equipment, and craters. Even the smallest depression or fold in the ground will give you some cover. A 6-inch depression may be enough to save your life under fire. Form a habit of looking for, and using, every bit of cover the terrain offers. Proper use of the terrain is the key success for all tactical operations. This means using cover and concealment (Figure 96).
Note: This fire includes bullets, fragments, flame, nuclear effects, and biological and chemical agents. Cover will also provide protection from enemy observation. It may be natural or artificial.
Concealment
It is concealment-natural or artificial-that hides or disguises a soldier, vehicle, position, equipment, or route. Concealment includes not only camouflage but also light, noise, movement, refuse, and odor discipline. Well-concealed vehicles and fighting positions will deceive the enemy as to the crew's location. Natural concealment is provided by your surroundings. The best way to use this natural concealment is to leave it undisturbed as you move into an area. Against an enemy who has night vision and other detection devices, darkness will no longer conceal you. To supplement natural cover and concealment found on the battlefield, the crew must be proficient in camouflage.
Camouflage
Camouflage is taking advantage of the natural environment as well as using natural and artificial materials. Used properly, it will disguise the Stinger crew and minimize the possibility of detection and identification by the enemy. If camouflage is required, plan to get it from areas other than your crew's position. Camouflage can be made from branches, bushes, leaves, and grass. Attach this material to your vehicle with old communications wire. Live foliage for camouflaging is best, because dead foliage and artificial materials may not blend in well with the natural surroundings. Make use that the vegetation matches what is naturally in your area. Detailed camouflage techniques are found in FM 5-20. Pattern paint your vehicle; TC 5-200 tells you how. Camouflage nets are excellent if sited properly. A vehicle in an open field under a camouflage net is easily seen (though it may not be identifiable). That same vehicle between two trees under a camouflage net will probably not be seen. The lightweight screen system (LSS) is described in TRADOC Bulletin No. 6 and TM 5-1080-200-l0. Each Stinger crew is authorized an LSS by table of organization and equipment (TOE). A well-sited, pattern-painted vehicle will have its camouflage improved by erecting the LSS. The LSS further reduces visibility. The LSS also defeats radar by scattering and absorption. Stainless steel fibers in the plastic garnish material absorb some of the radar signal and reflect most of the remaining signal in all directions. The result is only a small percentage of the signal returns to the radar for detection.
Fortify Your Position
Use of field fortifications reduces damage to materiel and injury to Stinger crew members. The Stinger crew fortifies its position to the extent possible. With the short period of time the crew usually remains in a position and only two crew members to do the work, construction of fortifications is limited. Fortifications are started as soon as practical upon arrival in a new position and are improved throughout the crew's stay in that position.
Dig In. Individual prone shelters (foxholes) are constructed by each crew member (Figure 97). The soldier begins a foxhole as a hasty position for basic protection. As time permits, he improves the foxhole by completing these tasks-
WARNING Do not fire Stinger from a foxhole.
Avoid Detection. Although it is unlikely that the Stinger crew will have to fight enemy infantrymen, the protection afforded by the foxhole will be greatly appreciated if enemy artillery or rocket fire is received on or near the position. Select positions that are out of sight of enemy ground observation (for example, the reverse slope of a hill rather than its crest). The same barrier to enemy observation also provides a barrier to enemy direct fire. Look for areas that provide natural protection. Terrain irregularities (such as defiles or mounds) provide initial fortifications that can easily be completed with sandbags or other fortifying material. Obtain dirt that is some distance away from the position to construct your fortifications. Camouflage the fresh dirt to prevent pointing out the position. Field fortifications should complement camouflage, not degrade it. FM 7-7, The Mechanized Infantry Platoon and Squad; and TRADOC Bulletin No. 9, Infantry Fighting Positions, tell you all about foxholes.
Survival Measures
In addition to digging in and avoiding detection, the following measures will help you to survive.
One of the best ways to survive is to keep the enemy confused as to the location of Stinger. Move often. When changing positions, it is not necessary to move far. Alternate positions can be selected within a short distance (at least 200-300 meters) from the primary position and occupied as required. The movement should be as rapid as possible so that the crew is again ready to engage enemy targets (Figure 98).
Continue to engage any other enemy aircraft. However, if there are no other enemy aircraft to be engaged, move to an alternate position as quickly as possible (Figure 99).
In forward areas, you should move quickly so you can stay alive to fire again. Enemy artillery or ground forces may see the missile signatures and locate your position (Figure 100).
Local Security Against Ground Attack
Stinger crews are usually deployed behind the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA). They maintain close coordination with maneuver units and must depend on the supported unit for protection against ground attack. At night and during foul weather, Stinger crews should move into positions within a unit's defense perimeter. When Stinger crews are outside of the defense perimeter, they are vulnerable to attack by guerrillas and other enemy elements operating behind friendly lines.
Communications Security
Conmunications security (COMSEC) denies or delays unauthorized persons from gaining information of value from monitoring communications. Preventive electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) are used by the Stinger crew to accomplish this purpose. These ECCM measures include-
Stinger crew personnel can expect that the enemy will attempt to disrupt its radio communications through an intensive jamming effort. Jamming is the deliberate radiation of energy to prevent or degrade the receipt of information by a receiver. It is the deliberate production of interference to your radio. You can liken it in a sense to static on a TV set. The static interferes with the receiver, in this case, the TV set, but does not interfere with the transmitter. Antijamming procedures used by the Stinger crew include-
Light Discipline
During periods of reduced visibility, any light (even filtered flashlights and burning cigarettes) can be seen for great distances. At such time the use of lights must be strictly controlled. Lights needed for maintenance and other activities must be shielded from enemy view.
Noise Discipline
Soldiers must talk and move only when necessary. At night, it is particularly important to talk in a low voice and to move slowly. Do not slam hatches or doors on armored vehicles. Do not start or move the team vehicle unless it is part of a plan or tactical operation.
Enemy Mines
Every soldier should be aware of the destructive potential of enemy mines. Mines can inflict severe injury to troops and heavy damage to vehicles and equipment. They can effectively prevent troops from entering certain areas and channel them into areas with concentrated enemy fire. Supply lines may be disrupted and convoys forced to bunch together due to damaged vehicles. Stinger crews supporting maneuver units frequently find themselves along in unfamiliar areas. Their chances of finding enemy mines are increased. For this reason, crew chiefs and gunners should take protective measures, be aware of likely mine locations, and be able to recognize the telltale signs of enemy mines (Figure 101).
Signs indicating possible mine locations include but are not limited to-
Stinger personnel should avoid suspected mined areas and move to a nearby position to accomplish their mission. If, however, your team encounters a mined area, do not panic. Notify your next higher level of command immediately, as specified in your unit SOP. Probing for mines is a tedious process and should not normally be attempted by Stinger personnel. DO NOT probe for mines with metallic objects, as some mines are triggered magnetically. Additional information on mine warfare is contained in FM 20-32, Mine/Countermine Operations at the Company Level.
Other Survival Measures
Unit SOP prescribes specific warning signals for ground, air, air assault, and nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) defense. The signals must be understood by all personnel. Periodic rehearsals and drills are conducted to ensure that the signals are understood and that the method of dissemination works. How Stinger crews survive an NBC attack is dependent on the degree of NBC training and availability and proper use of protective equipment. The nature of NBC operations may cause untrained soldiers to panic at the first sign of an NBC attack.
In addition to being able to shoot and communicate, the Stinger crew must also be able to move. Because the Stinger weapon is a man-portable air defense missile system, both vehicular and dismounted march deployment must be considered. This objective discusses mobility, vehicular combat loading, and dismounted march loads in which Stinger team personnel should be proficient.
Normally, the Stinger crew uses its own transportation to carry its basic load of weapons and team equipment. The Stinger basic load fits easily into the crew's organic 1/4- ton trailer. In general, the vehicles carry shipping and storage containers in the trailer with all TOE items carried in the truck. The 1/4-ton truck and trailer provide limited mobility in the forward areas (Figure 103 and 104).
Note: Crews assigned to the airmobile division are not equipped with a vehicle.
During mobile operations with mechanized forces, Stinger crews may not be able to keep up with their supported unit; for example, a company team. Also, Stinger crews may be vulnerable to hostile ground fire. When Stinger crews are to support a mechanized element, the maneuver commander may provide crews with tracked transportation; for example, an armored personnel carrier(s) (APC). The Stinger crew may have to share a ride with other troops in the APC. Changing the mode of transportation of the team includes providing space for the basic load of Stinger weapon-rounds. Also, space and power must be provided for the crew's radio. If the crew shares a ride with an infantry squad, there is insufficient room for the complete basic load. The load may have to be split into several carriers (refer to FM 44-18 for details).
The Stinger crew sometimes dismounts to support maneuver elements in difficult terrain. The crew chief must coordinate with the supported unit commander to solve the problems of carrying Stinger and guarding Stinger equipment left behind (see Figure 108 ). The crew is limited to carrying only two Stinger weapons. In addition, a crew radio manpacked), extra BCUs, individual weapons, binoculars, et cetera, must be carried. The amount of equipment crew members must carry limits their range and mobility during dismounted operations. Weights may vary according to what items are carried. Under these conditions, it is essential that weight be minimized and the load balanced. Multiple sling loads are difficult to carry for extended periods. Both Stinger and the M16 rifle are sling-carried weapons (see Figures 105 and 106 for sample Stinger march-load and weight distribution allocations).
Stinger crews must know where to obtain needed repair and service for their weapon systems and training equipment. They must know what maintenance is authorized at their level on this equipment. Additionally, Stinger crews must know whom to contact for needed rations and supplies when attached to maneuver elements. This objective discusses these points and outlines the maintenance and logistics support concept for Stinger crews.
The Stinger weapon is issued as a certified round of ammunition. Stinger weapon maintenance is done only at organizational and depot levels. There are no intermediate levels of maintenance. Organizational (user) maintenance is done by the Stinger crew. Weapons that cannot be repaired at organizational level will be exchanged for operational weapons at the ASP. User maintenance consists of preventive maintenance (PM) and replacement of certain parts. Maintenance tools and equipment are limited to cleaning and painting materials and the TL-29. The TL-29 is a combination flat blade screwdriver and knife. No special tools, test equipment, or training are required to perform this maintenance (Figure 107). Examples of PM performed by crew members are-
Note: PM on the IFF programmer and Stinger trainers is performed at the section level.
Weapon and Missile-Round
Operator/user maintenance of Stinger weapon- and missile- rounds is performed by the individual crews. This maintenance consists of correcting visually detected faults on the exterior of the equipment. Repair parts required to perform the maintenance are kept in the authorized storage list (ASL) of the direct support unit (DSU) to which the Stinger section is assigned.
In peacetime, missile-rounds found unserviceable by surveillance checks are returned to the depot for repair or disposal.
In combat, missile-rounds which do not work will be destroyed. Should a weapon-round malfunction during engagement, the round and gripstock are considered unserviceable. After following appropriate safety procedures, the gripstock is removed and returned to the missile DSU. Procedures for handling hangfires, misfires, and duds can be found in Chapter 3, FM 44-18-1.
A BCU which does not activate is discarded by the user. Activated BCUs are also discarded by the user.
IFF Interrogator and Programmer
The IFF interrogator has its batteries recharged and is reprogrammed by the section headquarters. The reprogramming for mode 4 is done using the IFF programmer. With precharged batteries, the interrogator can be programmed and checked out within 10 minutes. User maintenance consists of visual inspection of the exteriors for damage, periodic cleaning, and spot painting. Unserviceable items are turned into the DSU for replacement. The section maintains operational float interrogators for exchange with the crews.
Transport Harness
There is no maintenance on this item other than normal routine preventive user maintenance. If the straps are torn on the transport harness, it may be taken to the DSU and sewn. If a buckle is bad, it will be turned in as unserviceable. A new buckle will be issued.
Shipping and Storage Containers
Containers which cannot be repaired at the user level are turned into the DSU for replacement. A damaged container is exchanged for a new container. Do not use the weapon if the container has been dropped from a distance of 2 feet or more.