DOE/EIS-0161 Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Tritium Supply and Recycling Volume I United States Department of Energy Office of Reconfiguration October 1995 Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 October 19, 1995 Dear Interested Party: The Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) for Tritium Supply and Recycling has now been completed. Tritium is an essential component of every warhead in the current and projected United States nuclear weapons stockpile. Tritium decays at a rate of 5.5 percent per year and must be replaced periodically as long as the Nation relies on a nuclear deterrent. In accordance with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, the Department of Energy is responsible for developing and maintaining the capability to produce nuclear materials such as tritium. Currently, the Department does not have the capability to produce tritium in the required amounts. The Tritium Supply and Recycling PEIS evaluates the siting, construction, and operation of tritium supply technology alternatives and recycling facilities at each of five candidate sites. The PEIS also evaluates the use of a commercial reactor for producing tritium. On October 10, 1995, the Department announced its preferred alternative, a dual-track strategy under which the Department would begin work on two promising production options: use of an existing commercial light water reactor and construction of a linear accelerator. The Savannah River Site in South Carolina has been identified as the preferred site for an accelerator, should one be constructed. Details on this preferred alternative can be found in the Executive Summary and in section 3.7 of Volume I of the PEIS. A Record of Decision will follow in late November. The Department of Energy appreciates your continued participation in this Program. Sincerely, Stephen M. Sohinki, Director Office of Reconfiguration DOE/EIS-0161 October 1995 Changes to the Draft PEIS that are less than a paragraph, are shown in double underline in this Final PEIS. Larger text changes are shown by sidebar notation. COVER SHEET RESPONSIBLE AGENCY: U.S. Department of Energy COOPERATING AGENCY: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency TITLE: Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Tritium Supply and Recycling (DOE/EIS-016l). CONTACT: For additional information on this Statement, write or call: Stephen M. Sohinki, Director Office of Reconfiguration U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20585 Attention: TSR PEIS Telephone: (202) 586-0838 For general information on the DOE National Environmental Policy Act process, write or call: Ms. Carol M. Borgstrom, Director Office of NEPA Policy and Assistance (EH-42) U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20585 Telephone: (202) 586-4600 or leave a message at (800) 472-2756 ABSTRACT: Tritium, a radioactive gas used in all of the Nation's nuclear weapons, has a short half-life and must be replaced periodically in order for the weapon to operate as designed. Currently, there is no capability to produce the required amounts of tritium within the Nuclear Weapons Complex. The PEIS for Tritium Supply and Recycling evaluates the alternatives for the siting, construction, and operation of tritium supply and recycling facilities at each of five candidate sites: the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, the Nevada Test Site, the Oak Ridge Reservation, the Pantex Plant, and the Savannah River Site. Alternatives for new tritium supply and recycling facilities consist of four different tritium supply technologies: Heavy Water Reactor, Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor, Advanced Light Water Reactor, and Accelerator Production of Tritium. The PEIS also evaluates the impacts of the DOE purchase of an existing operating or partially completed commercial light water reactor or the DOE purchase of irradiation services contracted from commercial power reactors. Additionally, the PEIS includes an analysis of multipurpose reactors that would produce tritium, dispose of - plutonium, and produce electricity. Evaluation of impacts on land resources, site infrastructure, air quality and acoustics, water resources, geology and soils, biotic resources, cultural and paleontological resources, socioeconomics, radiological and hazardous chemical impacts during normal operation and accidents to workers and the public, waste management, and intersite transport are included in the assessment. PUBLIC COMMENTS: In preparing the Final PEIS, DOE considered comments received by mail, fax, handed in at hearings, transcribed from messages recorded by telephone, and those transmitted via Internet. In addition, interactive public hearings were held in April 1995 at the following locations where comments and concerns identified during discussions were summarized by notetakers: Washington, DC; Las Vegas, Nevada; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Pocatello, Idaho; North Augusta, South Carolina; and Amarillo, Texas. Table of Contents i List of Figures vii List of Tables xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii Chemicals and Units of Measure xxv Metric Conversion Chart xxvii Metric Prefixes xxvii SUMMARY S-1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 The Tritium Supply and Recycling Proposal 1-1 1.2 Compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act for Tritium Supply and Recycling 1-2 1.3 Time Period Considered in Analysis 1-2 1.4 Background 1-3 1.4.1 Defense Program Mission 1-3 1.4.2 Evolution of the Tritium Supply and Recycling Proposal 1-3 1.5 Other National Environmental Policy Act Reviews 1-8 1.5.1 Stockpile Stewardship and Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-8 1.5.2 Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-9 1.5.3 Long-Term Storage and Disposition of Weapons-Usable Fissile Materials Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-9 1.5.4 Site-Wide Environmental Support Statements 1-9 1.5.5 Programmatic Spent Nuclear Fuel Management Environmental Impact Statement 1-10 1.5.6 Proposed Nuclear Weapons Nonproliferation Policy Concerning Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel 1-10 1.6 Program Changes 1-10 1.7 Public Participation 1-11 1.7.1 The Scoping Process 1-11 1.7.2 Public Comment Process on the Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-11 1.7.3 Major Comments Received on Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-12 1.7.4 Changes from the Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-13 1.8 Organization of the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-15 1.9 Preparation of the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 1-15 CHAPTER 2: PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S ACTION 2-1 2.1 Purpose of and Need for the Department of Energy's Action 2-1 CHAPTER 3: TRITIUM SUPPLY AND RECYCLING ALTERNATIVES 3-1 3.1 Development of Tritium Supply and Recycling Alternatives 3-1 3.1.1 Planning Assumptions and Basis for Analysis 3-2 3.1.2 Environmental Impact Analysis 3-6 3.1.3 Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study 3-6 3.2 Tritium Supply and Recycling Alternatives 3-8 3.2.1 No Action 3-8 3.2.2 Tritium Supply and Recycling 3-10 3.2.3 Other Missions Beyond Tritium Production 3-11 3.3 Candidate Sites 3-11 3.3.1 Site Selection 3-11 3.3.2 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 3-13 3.3.3 Nevada Test Site 3-16 3.3.4 Oak Ridge Reservation 3-18 3.3.5 Pantex Plant 3-21 3.3.6 Savannah River Site 3-24 3.3.7 Commercial Light Water Reactor Site 3-26 3.4 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling 3-27 3.4.1 Background 3-27 3.4.1.1 Production of Tritium 3-27 3.4.1.2 Construction 3-27 3.4.1.3 Operation 3-27 3.4.1.4 Cooling Systems 3-29 3.4.1.5 Decontamination and Decommissioning 3-29 3.4.2 Tritium Supply Technologies 3-30 3.4.2.1 Heavy Water Reactor 3-31 3.4.2.2 Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor 3-34 3.4.2.3 Advanced Light Water Reactor 3-37 3.4.2.4 Accelerator Production of Tritium 3-41 3.4.2.5 Commercial Light Water Reactor 3-45 3.4.3 Tritium Recycling and Extraction 3-45 3.4.3.1 New Recycling Facility 3-46 3.4.3.2 Tritium Recycling Facilities Upgrades at Savannah River Site 3-49 3.4.3.3 Extraction and Target Fabrication Facilities for Commercial Light Water Reactor 3-53 3.5 Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization 3-55 3.6 Comparison of Tritium Supply and Recycling Alternatives 3-56 3.7 Agency Preferred Alternative 3-110 CHAPTER 4: AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS 4-1 4.1 Environmental Resource Methodologies 4-2 4.1.1 Land Resources 4-2 4.1.2 Site Infrastructure 4-3 4.1.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-4 4.1.4 Water Resources 4-6 4.1.5 Geology and Soils 4-7 4.1.6 Biotic Resources 4-7 4.1.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-9 4.1.8 Socioeconomics 4-10 4.1.9 Radiation and Hazardous Chemical Environment 4-11 4.1.10 Waste Management 4-13 4.1.11 Intersite Transportation 4-14 4.1.12 Cumulative Impacts 4-15 4.1.13 Environmental Justice 4-16 4.2 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-17 4.2.1 Description of Alternatives 4-17 4.2.2 Affected Environment 4-17 4.2.2.1 Land Resources 4-17 4.2.2.2 Site Infrastructure 4-21 4.2.2.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-22 4.2.2.4 Water Resources 4-24 4.2.2.5 Geology and Soils 4-28 4.2.2.6 Biotic Resources 4-32 4.2.2.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-35 4.2.2.8 Socioeconomics 4-36 4.2.2.9 Radiation and Hazardous Chemical Environment 4-42 4.2.2.10 Waste Management 4-45 4.2.3 Environmental Impacts 4-50 4.2.3.1 Land Resources 4-50 4.2.3.2 Site Infrastructure 4-51 4.2.3.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-54 4.2.3.4 Water Resources 4-59 4.2.3.5 Geology and Soils 4-63 4.2.3.6 Biotic Resources 4-65 4.2.3.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-68 4.2.3.8 Socioeconomics 4-71 4.2.3.9 Radiological and Hazardous Chemical Impacts During Normal Operation and Accidents 4-87 4.2.3.10 Waste Management 4-96 4.3 Nevada Test Site 4-107 4.3.1 Description of Alternatives 4-107 4.3.2 Affected Environment 4-107 4.3.2.1 Land Resources 4-107 4.3.2.2 Site Infrastructure 4-111 4.3.2.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-112 4.3.2.4 Water Resources 4-113 4.3.2.5 Geology and Soils 4-117 4.3.2.6 Biotic Resources 4-119 4.3.2.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-123 4.3.2.8 Socioeconomics 4-124 4.3.2.9 Radiation and Hazardous Chemical Environment 4-128 4.3.2.10 Waste Management 4-132 4.3.3 Environmental Impacts 4-135 4.3.3.1 Land Resources 4-135 4.3.3.2 Site Infrastructure 4-136 4.3.3.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-139 4.3.3.4 Water Resources 4-143 4.3.3.5 Geology and Soils 4-147 4.3.3.6 Biotic Resources 4-149 4.3.3.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-153 4.3.3.8 Socioeconomics 4-155 4.3.3.9 Radiological and Hazardous Chemical Impacts During Normal Operation and Accidents 4-169 4.3.3.10 Waste Management 4-178 4.4 Oak Ridge Reservation 4-188 4.4.1 Description of Alternatives 4-188 4.4.2 Affected Environment 4-188 4.4.2.1 Land Resources 4-188 4.4.2.2 Site Infrastructure 4-192 4.4.2.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-192 4.4.2.4 Water Resources 4-194 4.4.2.5 Geology and Soils 4-199 4.4.2.6 Biotic Resources 4-201 4.4.2.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-205 4.4.2.8 Socioeconomics 4-206 4.4.2.9 Radiation and Hazardous Chemical Environment 4-210 4.4.2.10 Waste Management 4-213 4.4.3 Environmental Impacts 4-223 4.4.3.1 Land Resources 4-223 4.4.3.2 Site Infrastructure 4-224 4.4.3.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-227 4.4.3.4 Water Resources 4-232 4.4.3.5 Geology and Soils 4-238 4.4.3.6 Biotic Resources 4-240 4.4.3.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-246 4.4.3.8 Socioeconomics 4-248 4.4.3.9 Radiological and Hazardous Chemical Impacts During Normal Operation and Accidents 4-262 4.4.3.10 Waste Management 4-271 4.5 Pantex Plant 4-282 4.5.1 Description of Alternatives 4-282 4.5.2 Affected Environment 4-282 4.5.2.1 Land Resources 4-282 4.5.2.2 Site Infrastructure 4-288 4.5.2.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-288 4.5.2.4 Water Resources 4-292 4.5.2.5 Geology and Soils 4-298 4.5.2.6 Biotic Resources 4-298 4.5.2.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-300 4.5.2.8 Socioeconomics 4-300 4.5.2.9 Radiation and Hazardous Chemical Environment 4-301 4.5.2.10 Waste Management 4-308 4.5.3 Environmental Impacts 4-312 4.5.3.1 Land Resources 4-312 4.5.3.2 Site Infrastructure 4-313 4.5.3.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-316 4.5.3.4 Water Resources 4-323 4.5.3.5 Geology and Soils 4-328 4.5.3.6 Biotic Resources 4-330 4.5.3.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-334 4.5.3.8 Socioeconomics 4-337 4.5.3.9 Radiological and Hazardous Chemical Impacts During Normal Operation and Accidents 4-353 4.5.3.10 Waste Management 4-362 4.6 Savannah River Site 4-372 4.6.1 Description of Alternatives 4-372 4.6.2 Affected Environment 4-372 4.6.2.1 Land Resources 4-372 4.6.2.2 Site Infrastructure 4-376 4.6.2.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-376 4.6.2.4 Water Resources 4-378 4.6.2.5 Geology and Soils 4-383 4.6.2.6 Biotic Resources 4-383 4.6.2.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-386 4.6.2.8 Socioeconomics 4-388 4.6.2.9 Radiation and Hazardous Chemical Environment 4-390 4.6.2.10 Waste Management 4-396 4.6.3 Environmental Impacts 4-402 4.6.3.1 Land Resources 4-402 4.6.3.2 Site Infrastructure 4-404 4.6.3.3 Air Quality and Acoustics 4-406 4.6.3.4 Water Resources 4-411 4.6.3.5 Geology and Soils 4-419 4.6.3.6 Biotic Resources 4-421 4.6.3.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources 4-427 4.6.3.8 Socioeconomics 4-430 4.6.3.9 Radiological and Hazardous Chemical Impacts During Normal Operation and Accidents 4-448 4.6.3.10 Waste Management 4-460 4.7 Intersite Transport of Tritium Supply and Recycling Materials 4-470 4.7.1 Affected Environment 4-470 4.7.1.1 Site Transportation Interfaces for Hazardous Materials 4-471 4.7.1.2 Packaging 4-471 4.7.1.3 Reactor Vessel Transport 4-471 4.7.2 Environmental Impacts 4-472 4.7.2.1 No Action 4-472 4.7.2.2 Tritium Supply and Recycling Alternatives 4-472 4.8 Potential Impacts From Tritium Supply Options 4-474 4.8.1 Sale of Steam from Tritium Supply Technologies 4-475 4.8.2 Dedicated Power Plant for Accelerator Production of Tritium 4-476 4.8.2.1 Coal-Fired Power Plant 4-477 4.8.2.2 Natural Gas-Fired Power Plant 4-479 4.8.3 Multipurpose Reactor 4-481 4.8.3.1 Pit Disassembly/Conversion/Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility 4-482 4.8.3.2 Mixed-Oxide Fueled Advanced Light Water Reactors 4-493 4.8.3.3 Plutonium-Oxide Fueled Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor 4-495 4.9 Cumulative Impacts 4-499 4.10 Commercial Light Water Reactor Alternative and/or Contingency 4-502 4.10.1 Commercial Light Water Reactor Plant Description 4-502 4.10.1.1 Cooling and Auxiliary Water Systems 4-505 4.10.1.2 Radioactive Waste Treatment Systems 4-506 4.10.1.3 Nonradioactive Waste Systems 4-509 4.10.1.4 Power-Transmission Systems 4-509 4.10.2 Commercial Light Water Reactor Plant Environment 4-509 4.10.2.1 Land Use 4-510 4.10.2.2 Water Use 4-510 4.10.2.3 Water Quality 4-510 4.10.2.4 Air Quality 4-511 4.10.2.5 Aquatic Resources 4-511 4.10.2.6 Terrestrial Resources 4-511 4.10.2.7 Radiological Impacts 4-512 4.10.2.8 Chemical Impacts 4-513 4.10.2.9 Socioeconomic Factors 4-513 4.10.3 Potential Impacts 4-514 4.10.3.1 Completing Construction of a Commercial Reactor 4-514 4.10.4 Institutional Issues 4-524 4.11 Producing Tritium at an Earlier Date 4-524 4.12 Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts 4-526 4.13 Relationship Between Local Short-Term Uses of the Environment and the Maintenance and Enhancement of Long-Term Productivity 4-529 4.14 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources 4-529 4.15 Facility Transition 4-530 4.16 Environmental Justice in Minority and Low-Income Populations 4-532 CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PERMITS AND COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS 5-1 5.1 Introduction and Purpose 5-1 5.2 Background 5-1 5.3 Environmental Statutes, Orders, and Agreements 5-2 5.4 Federal and State Environmental Enforcement 5-2 5.5 Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Requirements 5-3 CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES 6-1 CHAPTER 7: LIST OF PREPARERS 7-1 CHAPTER 8: LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS TO WHOM COPIES OF THIS STATEMENT were SENT 8-1 CHAPTER 9: GLOSSARY 9-1 CHAPTER 10: INDEX 10-1 List of Figures Figure S-1 Current and Former Nuclear Weapons Complex Sites. S-2 Figure S-2 Tritium Supply and Recycling Alternatives. S-4 Figure 1.4-1 Current and Former Nuclear Weapons Complex Sites. 1-4 Figure 1.4.1-1 Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Memorandum Process. 1-5 Figure 1.4.2-1 Evolution of the Reconfiguration Program, 1991-1995. 1-6 Figure 1.7.2-1 Public Hearing Locations and Dates, 1995. 1-12 Figure 2.1-1 Estimated Tritium Inventory and Reserve Requirements. 2-2 Figure 3.2-1 Tritium Supply and Recycling Alternatives. 3-9 Figure 3.3.1-1 Site Selection Process. 3-12 Figure 3.4.1-1 Tritium Supply and Recycling Complex. 3-28 Figure 3.4.2.1-1 Heavy Water Reactor Facility (Typical). 3-32 Figure 3.4.2.2-1 Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Facility (Typical). 3-35 Figure 3.4.2.3-1 Advanced Light Water Reactor Facility (Typical). 3-38 Figure 3.4.2.4-1 Accelerator Production of Tritium Facility Site Layout (Typical). 3-42 Figure 3.4.3.1-1 New Tritium Recycling Facility (Typical). 3-47 Figure 3.4.3.2-1 Tritium Recycling Facilities Upgrades at Savannah River Site (Generalized). 3-50 Figure 4.2-1 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, and Region. 4-18 Figure 4.2.1-1 Primary Facilities and Proposed Tritium Supply Site at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. 4-19 Figure 4.2.2.1-1 Generalized Land Use at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and Vicinity. 4-20 Figure 4.2.2.4-1 Surface Water Features at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. 4-25 Figure 4.2.2.4-2 Generalized Groundwater Flow and Groundwater Contamination in Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Area. 4-27 Figure 4.2.2.5-1 Major Fault Systems and Historic Earthquakes in Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region. 4-30 Figure 4.2.2.5-2 Seismic Zone Map of the United States. 4-31 Figure 4.2.2.6-1 Distribution of Plant Communities at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. 4-34 Figure 4.2.2.8-1 Economy for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Regional Economic Area. 4-38 Figure 4.2.2.8-2 Population and Housing for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence [Page 1 of 2]. 4-39 Figure 4.2.2.8-2 Population and Housing for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence [Page 2 of 2]. 4-40 Figure 4.2.2.8-3 1992 Local Government Public Finance for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence. 4-41 Figure 4.2.3.8-1 Total Project-Related Employment (Direct and Indirect) and Percentage Increase Over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Regional Economic Area. 4-73 Figure 4.2.3.8-2 Unemployment Rate, Per Capita Income, and Percentage Increase from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Regional Economic Area. 4-74 Figure 4.2.3.8-3 Population and Housing Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence, 2005. 4-78 Figure 4.2.3.8-4 Population and Housing Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence, 2010. 4-79 Figure 4.2.3.8-5 City and County Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence, 2005. 4-82 Figure 4.2.3.8-6 County and City Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence, 2010. 4-83 Figure 4.2.3.8-7 School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence, 2005. 4-84 Figure 4.2.3.8-8 School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region of Influence, 2010. 4-85 Figure 4.2.3.9-1 High Consequence Accident-Cancer Fatalities Complementary Cumulative Distribution Functions for Tritium Supply and Recycling Severe Accidents for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. 4-93 Figure 4.3-1 Nevada Test Site, Nevada, and Region. 4-108 Figure 4.3.1-1 Primary Facilities, Proposed Tritium Supply Site, and Testing Areas at Nevada Test Site. 4-109 Figure 4.3.2.1-1 Generalized Land Use at Nevada Test Site and Vicinity. 4-110 Figure 4.3.2.4-1 Groundwater Hydrologic Units at Nevada Test Site and Vicinity. 4-115 Figure 4.3.2.5-1 Major Fault Systems and Historic Earthquakes in Nevada Test Site Region. 4-118 Figure 4.3.2.6-1 Distribution of Plant Communities at Nevada Test Site. 4-120 Figure 4.3.2.6-2 Distribution of Desert Tortoise at Nevada Test Site. 4-122 Figure 4.3.2.8-1 Economy for Nevada Test Site Regional Economic Area. 4-125 Figure 4.3.2.8-2 Population and Housing for Nevada Test Site Region of Influence. 4-126 Figure 4.3.2.8-3 1992 Local Government Public Finance for Nevada Test Site Region of Influence. 4-129 Figure 4.3.3.8-1 Total Project-Related Employment (Direct and Indirect) and Percentage Increase over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Nevada Test Site Regional Economic Area. 4-157 Figure 4.3.3.8-2 Unemployment Rate, Per Capita Income, and Percentage Increase over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Nevada Test Site Regional Economic Area. 4-158 Figure 4.3.3.8-3 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Nevada Test Site Region of Influence, 2005. 4-162 Figure 4.3.3.8-4 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Nevada Test Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-163 Figure 4.3.3.8-5 County, City, and School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Nevada Test Site Region of Influence, 2005. 4-166 Figure 4.3.3.8-6 County, City, and School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Nevada Test Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-167 Figure 4.3.3.9-1 High Consequence Accident-Cancer Fatalities Complementary Cumulative Distribution Functions for Tritium Supply and Recycling Severe Accidents at Nevada Test Site. 4-175 Figure 4.4-1 Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee, and Region. 4-189 Figure 4.4.1-1 Primary Facilities and Proposed Tritium Supply Site at Oak Ridge Reservation. 4-190 Figure 4.4.2.1-1 Generalized Land Use at Oak Ridge Reservation and Vicinity. 4-191 Figure 4.4.2.1-2 Future Land Use at Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 4-193 Figure 4.4.2.4-1 Surface Water Features at Oak Ridge Reservation. 4-197 Figure 4.4.2.6-1 Distribution of Plant Communities at Oak Ridge Reservation. 4-202 Figure 4.4.2.8-1 Economy for Oak Ridge Reservation Regional Economic Area. 4-207 Figure 4.4.2.8-2 Population and Housing for Oak Ridge Reservation Region of Influence. 4-208 Figure 4.4.2.8-3 1992 Local Government Public Finance for Oak Ridge Reservation Region of Influence. 4-210 Figure 4.4.3.8-1 Total Project-Related Employment (Direct and Indirect) and Percentage Increase Over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Oak Ridge Reservation Regional Economic Area. 4-250 Figure 4.4.3.8-2 Unemployment Rate, Per Capita Income, and Percentage Increase Over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Oak Ridge Reservation Regional Economic Area. 4-251 Figure 4.4.3.8-3 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Oak Ridge Reservation Region of Influence, 2005. 4-255 Figure 4.4.3.8-4 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Oak Ridge Reservation Region of Influence, 2010. 4-256 Figure 4.4.3.8-5 County, City, and School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Oak Ridge Reservation Region of Influence, 2005. 4-259 Figure 4.4.3.8-6 County, City, and School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Oak Ridge Reservation Region of Influence, 2010. 4-260 Figure 4.4.3.9-1 High Consequence Accident-Cancer Fatalities Complementary Cumulative Distribution Functions for Tritium Supply and Recycling Severe Accidents at Oak Ridge Reservation. 4-268 Figure 4.5-1 Pantex Plant, Texas, and Region. 4-283 Figure 4.5.1-1 Primary Facilities, Proposed Tritium Supply Sites, and Testing Areas at Pantex Plant. 4-284 Figure 4.5.2.1-1 Generalized Land Use at Pantex Plant and Vicinity. 4-285 Figure 4.5.2.1-2 Future Land Use at Pantex Plant. 4-286 Figure 4.5.2.1-3 Designated Industrial Sites at Pantex Plant. 4-287 Figure 4.5.2.4-1 Potentiometric Surface of the Ogallala Aquifer at Pantex Plant. 4-295 Figure 4.5.2.8-1 Economy for Pantex Plant Regional Economic Area. 4-302 Figure 4.5.2.8-2 Population and Housing for Pantex Plant Region of Influence. 4-303 Figure 4.5.2.8-3 1992 Local Government Public Finance for Pantex Plant Region of Influence. 4-305 Figure 4.5.3.8-1 Total Project-Related Employment (Direct and Indirect) and Percentage Increase Over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Pantex Plant Regional Economic Area. 4-339 Figure 4.5.3.8-2 Unemployment Rate, Per Capita Income, and Percentage Increase Over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Pantex Plant Regional Economic Area. 4-340 Figure 4.5.3.8-3 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Pantex Plant Region of Influence, 2005. 4-344 Figure 4.5.3.8-4 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Pantex Plant Region of Influence, 2010. 4-345 Figure 4.5.3.8-5 County and City Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Pantex Plant Region of Influence, 2005. 4-348 Figure 4.5.3.8-6 County and City Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Pantex Plant Region of Influence, 2010. 4-349 Figure 4.5.3.8-7 School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling for Pantex Plant, 2005. 4-350 Figure 4.5.3.8-8 School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant, 2010. 4-351 Figure 4.5.3.9-1 High Consequence Accident-Cancer Fatalities Complementary Cumulative Distribution Functions for Tritium Supply and Recycling Severe Accidents at Pantex Plant. 4-359 Figure 4.6-1 Savannah River Site, South Carolina, and Region. 4-373 Figure 4.6.1-1 Primary Facilities and Proposed Tritium Supply Site at Savannah River Site. 4-374 Figure 4.6.2.1-1 Generalized Land Use at Savannah River Site and Vicinity. 4-375 Figure 4.6.2.4-1 Surface Water Features and Groundwater Contamination Areas at Savannah River Site. 4-379 Figure 4.6.2.6-1 Distribution of Plant Communities at Savannah River Site. 4-384 Figure 4.6.2.8-1 Economy for Savannah River Site Regional Economic Area. 4-389 Figure 4.6.2.8-2 Population and Housing for Savannah River Site Region of Influence. 4-391 Figure 4.6.2.8-3 1992 Local Government Public Finance for Savannah River Site Region of Influence. 4-393 Figure 4.6.3.8-1 Total Project-Related Employment (Direct and Indirect) and Percentage Increase Over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies with Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Regional Economic Area. 4-432 Figure 4.6.3.8-2 Unemployment Rate, Per Capita Income, and Percentage Increase Over No Action from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Regional Economic Area. 4-433 Figure 4.6.3.8-3 Total Employment, Unemployment Rate, and Per Capita Income for No Action and Tritium Recycling Phaseout for Savannah River Site Regional Economic Area, 2010. 4-435 Figure 4.6.3.8-4 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2005. 4-437 Figure 4.6.3.8-5 Total Population and Housing Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-438 Figure 4.6.3.8-6 Total Population and Housing Percentage Decrease Under No Action from Tritium Recycling Phaseout for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-440 Figure 4.6.3.8-7 County and City Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Decrease from No Action for the Tritium Recycling Phaseout for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-441 Figure 4.6.3.8-8 County and City Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2005. 4-442 Figure 4.6.3.8-9 County and City Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-443 Figure 4.6.3.8-10 School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action During Peak Construction from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2005. 4-444 Figure 4.6.3.8-11 School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Increase Over No Action at Full Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Upgrade for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-445 Figure 4.6.3.8-12 School District Total Revenues and Expenditures Percentage Decrease Under No Action from the Tritium Recycling Phaseout for Savannah River Site Region of Influence, 2010. 4-446 Figure 4.6.3.9-1 High Consequence Accident-Cancer Fatalities Complementary Cumulative Distribution Functions for Tritium Supply and Recycling Severe Accidents at Savannah River Site. 4-454 Figure 4.8.3.1-1 Pit Disassembly/Conversion/Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility Plot Plan. 4-483 Figure 4.8.3.1-2 Manufacturing Building Layout Plan. 4-484 Figure 4.10-1 Commercial Nuclear Power Plants Within Eleven Energy-Demand Regions of the United States. 4-503 Figure 4.10-2 Commercial Nuclear Power Plants with Design Electrical Rating Greater than 1,100 Megawatts Electric Within Eleven Energy-Demand Regions of the United States. 4-504 Figure 4.16-1 Minority Population Distribution for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and Surrounding Area. 4-534 Figure 4.16-2 Low-Income Distribution by Poverty Status for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and Surrounding Area. 4-535 Figure 4.16-3 Minority Population Distribution for Nevada Test Site and Surrounding Area. 4-536 Figure 4.16-4 Low-Income Distribution by Poverty Status for Nevada Test Site and Surrounding Area. 4-537 Figure 4.16-5 Minority Population Distribution for Oak Ridge Reservation and Surrounding Area. 4-538 Figure 4.16-6 Low-Income Distribution by Poverty Status for Oak Ridge Reservation and Surrounding Area. 4-539 Figure 4.16-7 Minority Population Distribution for Pantex Plant and Surrounding Area. 4-540 Figure 4.16-8 Low-Income Distribution by Poverty Status for Pantex Plant and Surrounding Area. 4-541 Figure 4.16-9 Minority Population Distribution for Savannah River Site and Surrounding Area. 4-542 Figure 4.16-10 Low-Income Distribution by Poverty Status for Savannah River Site and Surrounding Area. 4-543 List of Tables Table 3.3.2-1 Current Missions at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 3-14 Table 3.3.3-1 Current Missions at Nevada Test Site 3-16 Table 3.3.4-1 Current Missions at Oak Ridge Reservation 3-19 Table 3.3.5-1 Current Missions at Pantex Plant 3-22 Table 3.3.6-1 Current Missions at Savannah River Site 3-25 Table 3.4.2.1-1 Heavy Water Reactor Construction Requirements 3-33 Table 3.4.2.1-2 Heavy Water Reactor Operation Requirements 3-33 Table 3.4.2.1-3 Heavy Water Reactor Estimated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes 3-33 Table 3.4.2.2-1 Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Construction Requirements 3-36 Table 3.4.2.2-2 Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Operation Requirements 3-36 Table 3.4.2.2-3 Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Estimated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes 3-36 Table 3.4.2.3-1 Advanced Light Water Reactor Construction Requirements 3-39 Table 3.4.2.3-2 Advanced Light Water Reactor Operation Requirements 3-39 Table 3.4.2.3-3 Advanced Light Water Reactor (Large) Estimated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes 3-39 Table 3.4.2.3-4 Advanced Light Water Reactor (Small) Estimated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes 3-40 Table 3.4.2.4-1 Accelerator Production of Tritium Construction Requirements 3-43 Table 3.4.2.4-2 Accelerator Production of Tritium Operation Requirements 3-43 Table 3.4.2.4-3 Accelerator Production of Tritium (Full) Estimated Waste Volumes 3-43 Table 3.4.2.4-4 Accelerator Production of Tritium (Phased) Estimated Waste Volumes 3-44 Table 3.4.2.4-5 Accelerator Production of Tritium Power Plant Construction Requirements 3-44 Table 3.4.2.4-6 Accelerator Production of Tritium Power Plant Operation Requirements 3-44 Table 3.4.3.1-1 New Tritium Recycling Facility Construction Requirements 3-48 Table 3.4.3.1-2 New Tritium Recycling Facility Operation Requirements 3-48 Table 3.4.3.1-3 New Tritium Recycling Facility Estimated Waste Volumes 3-48 Table 3.4.3.2-1 Upgraded Tritium Recycling Facilities Construction Requirements 3-51 Table 3.4.3.2-2 Upgraded Tritium Recycling Facilities Operation Requirements 3-51 Table 3.4.3.2-3 Upgraded Tritium Recycling Facilities (Unconsolidated-With Building 232-H) Waste Volumes 3-51 Table 3.4.3.2-4 Upgraded Tritium Recycling Facilities (Consolidated-Without Building 232-H) Waste Volumes 3-52 Table 3.4.3.3-1 Extraction Facility for Commercial Light Water Reactor Construction Requirements 3-53 Table 3.4.3.3-2 Extraction Facility for Commercial Light Water Reactor Operation Requirements 3-53 Table 3.4.3.3-3 Extraction Facility for Commercial Light Water Reactor Waste Volumes 3-54 Table 3.4.3.3-4 Target Fabrication Facility for Commercial Light Water Reactor Construction Requirements 3-54 Table 3.4.3.3-5 Target Fabrication for Commercial Light Water Reactor Operation Requirements 3-54 Table 3.4.3.3-6 Target Fabrication for Commercial Light Water Reactor Waste Volumes 3-55 Table 3.6-1 Summary Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Tritium Supply and Recycling Alternatives 3-58 Table 3.6-2 Summary Comparison of Environmental Impacts of the Commercial Light Water Reactor Alternative 3-108 Table 4.2.2.2-1 Baseline Characteristics for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-21 Table 4.2.2.2-2 Subregional Power Pool Electrical Summary for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-21 Table 4.2.2.3-1 Comparison of Baseline Ambient Air Concentrations with Most Stringent Applicable Regulations and Guidelines at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 1989-1991 4-23 Table 4.2.2.4-1 Summary of Surface Water Quality Monitoring Data for Big Lost River at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 1985 4-26 Table 4.2.2.4-2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 1990-1991 4-29 Table 4.2.2.5-1 The Modified Mercalli Scale of 1931, with Approximate Correlations to Richter Scale and Maximum Ground Acceleration 4-32 Table 4.2.2.6-1 Federal and State-Listed Threatened, Endangered, and Other Special Status Species That May Be Found On the Site or In the Vicinity of the Proposed Tritium Supply Site at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-36 Table 4.2.2.9-1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to Individuals in the Vicinity, Unrelated to Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Operations, 1992 4-42 Table 4.2.2.9-2 Doses to the General Public from Normal Operations at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-43 Table 4.2.2.9-3 Doses to the Worker Onsite from Normal Operations at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-43 Table 4.2.2.10-1 Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-46 Table 4.2.3.1-1 Potential Changes to Land Use Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-50 Table 4.2.3.2-1 Modifications to Site Infrastructure for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-52 Table 4.2.3.2-2 Impacts on Subregional Electrical Power Pool from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-53 Table 4.2.3.3-1 Estimated Cumulative Concentrations of Pollutants Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Including No Action at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-55 Table 4.2.3.4-1 Potential Changes to Water Resources Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-60 Table 4.2.3.6-1 Potential Impacts to Biotic Resources During Construction and Operation Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-66 Table 4.2.3.9-1 Potential Radiological Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation of Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-88 Table 4.2.3.9-2 Potential Hazardous Chemical Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-90 Table 4.2.3.9-3 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling High Consequence/Low Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-92 Table 4.2.3.9-4 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Low-to-Moderate Consequence/ High Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-95 Table 4.2.3.10-1 Projected Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management for No Action at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-98 Table 4.2.3.10-2 Estimated Annual Generated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-101 Table 4.2.3.10-3 Potential Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Impacts from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 4-102 Table 4.3.2.2-1 Baseline Characteristics for Nevada Test Site 4-111 Table 4.3.2.2-2 Subregional Power Pool Electrical Summary for Nevada Test Site 4-112 Table 4.3.2.3-1 Comparison of Baseline Ambient Air Concentrations with Most Stringent Applicable Regulations and Guidelines at Nevada Test Site, 1990-1992 4-113 Table 4.3.2.4-1 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data at Nevada Test Site, 1991-1992 4-116 Table 4.3.2.6-1 Federal and State-Listed Threatened, Endangered, and Other Special Status Species That May Be Found On the Site or In the Vicinity of the Proposed Tritium Supply Site at Nevada Test Site 4-121 Table 4.3.2.9-1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to Individuals in the Vicinity, Unrelated to Nevada Test Site Operations 4-128 Table 4.3.2.9-2 Doses to the General Public from Normal Operation at Nevada Test Site, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-130 Table 4.3.2.9-3 Doses to the Worker Onsite from Normal Operation at Nevada Test Site, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-131 Table 4.3.2.10-1 Waste Management at Nevada Test Site 4-133 Table 4.3.3.1-1 Potential Changes to Land Use Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-135 Table 4.3.3.2-1 Modifications to Site Infrastructure for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-137 Table 4.3.3.2-2 Impacts on Subregional Electrical Power Pool from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-138 Table 4.3.3.3-1 Estimated Cumulative Concentrations of Pollutants Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Including No Action at Nevada Test Site 4-140 Table 4.3.3.4-1 Potential Changes to Water Resources Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-144 Table 4.3.3.6-1 Potential Impacts to Biotic Resources Resulting During Construction and Operation from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-150 Table 4.3.3.9-1 Potential Radiological Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation of Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-170 Table 4.3.3.9-2 Potential Hazardous Chemical Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation at Nevada Test Site 4-172 Table 4.3.3.9-3 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling High Consequence/Low Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Nevada Test Site 4-174 Table 4.3.3.9-4 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Low-to-Moderate Consequence/High Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Nevada Test Site 4-177 Table 4.3.3.10-1 Projected Waste Management Under No Action at Nevada Test Site 4-180 Table 4.3.3.10-2 Estimated Annual Generated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-181 Table 4.3.3.10-3 Potential Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Impacts from the Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Nevada Test Site 4-182 Table 4.4.2.2-1 Baseline Characteristics for Oak Ridge Reservation 4-192 Table 4.4.2.2-2 Subregional Power Pool Electrical Summary for Oak Ridge Reservation 4-194 Table 4.4.2.3-1 Comparison of Baseline Ambient Air Concentrations with Most Stringent Applicable Regulations and Guidelines at Oak Ridge Reservation, 1992 4-195 Table 4.4.2.4-1 Summary of Clinch River Surface Water Quality Monitoring at Oak Ridge Reservation, 1991 4-198 Table 4.4.2.4-2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data at Oak Ridge Reservation, 1991 4-200 Table 4.4.2.6-1 Federal and State-Listed Threatened, Endangered, and Other Special Status Species That May Be Found On the Site or In the Vicinity of Proposed Tritium Supply Site at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-204 Table 4.4.2.9-1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to Individuals in the Vicinity, Unrelated to Oak Ridge Reservation Operations 4-211 Table 4.4.2.9-2 Doses to the General Public from Normal Operation at Oak Ridge Reservations, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-211 Table 4.4.2.9-3 Doses to the Worker Onsite from Normal Operation at Oak Ridge Reservation, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-212 Table 4.4.2.10-1 Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management at Y-12 Plant 4-214 Table 4.4.2.10-2 Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management at Oak Ridge National Laboratory 4-216 Table 4.4.2.10-3 Waste Management at K-25 Site 4-218 Table 4.4.3.1-1 Potential Changes to Land Use Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-223 Table 4.4.3.2-1 Modifications to Site Infrastructure for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-225 Table 4.4.3.2-2 Impacts on Subregional Electrical Power Pool from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-226 Table 4.4.3.3-1 Estimated Cumulative Concentrations of Pollutants Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Including No Action at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-229 Table 4.4.3.4-1 Potential Changes to Water Resources Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-233 Table 4.4.3.6-1 Potential Impacts to Biotic Resources During Construction and Operation Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-241 Table 4.4.3.9-1 Potential Radiological Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation of Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-263 Table 4.4.3.9-2 Potential Hazardous Chemical Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operations at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-264 Table 4.4.3.9-3 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling High Consequence/Low Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-267 Table 4.4.3.9-4 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Low-to-Moderate Consequence/High Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-270 Table 4.4.3.10-1 Projected Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management for No Action at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-272 Table 4.4.3.10-2 Estimated Generated Annual Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-275 Table 4.4.3.10-3 Potential Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Impacts from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Oak Ridge Reservation 4-277 Table 4.5.2.2-1 Baseline Characteristics for Pantex Plant 4-288 Table 4.5.2.2-2 Subregional Power Pool Electrical Summary for Pantex Plant 4-289 Table 4.5.2.3-1 Comparison of Baseline Ambient Air Concentrations with Most Stringent Applicable Regulations and Guidelines at Pantex Plant, 1991 4-290 Table 4.5.2.4-1 Summary of Surface Water Quality Monitoring Data for Playa 1 at Pantex Plant, 1991 4-294 Table 4.5.2.4-2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data for the Ogallala Aquifer Wells at Pantex Plant, 1990 4-296 Table 4.5.2.4-3 Groundwater Quality Monitoring for the Perched Zone Wells at Pantex Plant, 1990 4-297 Table 4.5.2.6-1 Federal and State-Listed Threatened, Endangered, and Other Special Status Species That May be Found On the Site or In the Vicinity of Proposed Tritium Supply Site on Pantex Plant 4-299 Table 4.5.2.9-1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to Individuals in the Vicinity, Unrelated to Pantex Plant Operations 4-306 Table 4.5.2.9-2 Doses to the General Public from Normal Operation at Pantex Plant, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-307 Table 4.5.2.9-3 Doses to the Worker Onsite from Normal Operation at Pantex Plant, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-307 Table 4.5.2.10-1 Waste Management at Pantex Plant 4-309 Table 4.5.3.1-1 Potential Changes to Land Use Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-312 Table 4.5.3.2-1 Modifications to Site Infrastructure for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-314 Table 4.5.3.2-2 Impacts on Subregional Electrical Power Pool from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-315 Table 4.5.3.3-1 Estimated Cumulative Concentrations of Pollutants Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Including No Action at Pantex Plant 4-318 Table 4.5.3.4-1 Potential Changes to Water Resources Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-324 Table 4.5.3.6-1 Potential Impacts to Biotic Resources During Construction and Operation Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-331 Table 4.5.3.9-1 Potential Radiological Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation of Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-354 Table 4.5.3.9-2 Potential Hazardous Chemical Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation at Pantex Plant 4-355 Table 4.5.3.9-3 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling High Consequence/Low Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Pantex Plant 4-358 Table 4.5.3.9-4 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Low to Moderate Consequence Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Pantex Plant 4-361 Table 4.5.3.10-1 Projected Waste Management for No Action at Pantex Plant, 1992 4-364 Table 4.5.3.10-2 Estimated Annual Generated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-365 Table 4.5.3.10-3 Potential Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Impacts from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Pantex Plant 4-367 Table 4.6.2.2-1 Baseline Characteristics for Savannah River Site 4-376 Table 4.6.2.2-2 Subregional Power Pool Electrical Summary for Savannah River Site 4-376 Table 4.6.2.3-1 Comparison of Baseline Ambient Air Concentrations with Most Stringent Applicable Regulations and Guidelines at Savannah River Site, 1985-1987 4-378 Table 4.6.2.4-1 Summary of Surface Water Quality Monitoring Data for the Savannah River at Savannah River Site, 1991 4-381 Table 4.6.2.4-2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data at Savannah River Site, 1991 4-382 Table 4.6.2.6-1 Federal and State-Listed Threatened, Endangered, and Other Special Status Species That May Be Found On the Site or In the Vicinity of the Proposed Tritium Supply Site at Savannah River Site 4-387 Table 4.6.2.9-1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to Individuals in the Vicinity, Unrelated to Savannah River Site Operations, 1992 4-394 Table 4.6.2.9-2 Doses to the General Public from Normal Operations at Savannah River Site, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-394 Table 4.6.2.9-3 Doses to the Worker Onsite from Normal Operations at Savannah River Site, 1992 (committed effective dose equivalent) 4-395 Table 4.6.2.10-1 Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management at Savannah River Site 4-397 Table 4.6.3.1-1 Potential Changes to Land Use Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Savannah River Site 4-402 Table 4.6.3.2-1 Modifications to Site Infrastructure for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Phaseout at Savannah River Site 4-405 Table 4.6.3.2-2 Impacts on the Subregional Electrical Power Pool from Tritium Supply Technologies at Savannah River Site 4-406 Table 4.6.3.3-1 Estimated Cumulative Concentrations of Pollutants Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Upgraded Recycling Including No Action at Savannah River Site 4-408 Table 4.6.3.4-1 Potential Changes to Water Resources Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Savannah River Site 4-412 Table 4.6.3.6-1 Potential Impacts to Biotic Resources Resulting from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling During Construction and Operation at Savannah River Site 4-421 Table 4.6.3.9-1 Potential Radiological Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation of Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Savannah River Site 4-450 Table 4.6.3.9-2 Potential Hazardous Chemical Impacts to the Public and Workers Resulting from Normal Operation at Savannah River Site 4-451 Table 4.6.3.9-3 Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences for Existing No Action Tritium Recycling Operations at Savannah River Site 4-454 Table 4.6.3.9-4 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling High Consequence/Low Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Savannah River Site 4-456 Table 4.6.3.9-5 Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling Low-to-Moderate Consequence/High Probability Radioactive Release Accidents and Consequences at Savannah River Site 4-458 Table 4.6.3.10-1 Projected Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management for No Action at Savannah River Site 4-461 Table 4.6.3.10-2 Estimated Annual Generated Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Volumes for Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Savannah River Site 4-464 Table 4.6.3.10-3 Potential Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Impacts from Tritium Supply Technologies and Recycling at Savannah River Site 4-465 Table 4.7.1.1-1 Transportation Modes and Comparison Ratings for the Candidate Sites 4-471 Table 4.7.2.2-1 Comparison of Relative Mileage Risk 4-473 Table 4.7.2.2-2 Accident Impacts from Transporting Low-Level Waste from Pantex Plant to Nevada Test Site 4-475 Table 4.8.3.1-1 Pit Disassembly/Conversion/Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility Key Design Parameters 4-485 Table 4.8.3.1-2 Pit Disassembly/Conversion/Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility Construction Requirements 4-485 Table 4.8.3.1-3 Pit Disassembly/Conversion/Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility Operation Requirements 4-485 Table 4.8.3.1-4 Pit Disassembly/Conversion/Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility Waste Volumes 4-486 Table 4.8.3.1-5 Pit Disassembly/Conversion Facility Key Design Parameters 4-486 Table 4.8.3.1-6 Pit Disassembly/Conversion Facility Construction Requirements 4-486 Table 4.8.3.1-7 Pit Disassembly/Conversion Facility Operation Requirements 4-487 Table 4.8.3.1-8 Pit Disassembly/Conversion Facility Waste Volumes 4-487 Table 4.8.3.1-9 Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Worker and Population Impacts of High Consequence Accidents 4-491 Table 4.8.3.1-10 Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Worker and Population Impacts of Low Consequence/High Probability Accidents 4-491 Table 4.8.3.2-1 Increase of Radioactive Materials for the Mixed-Oxide Fueled Light Water Reactor 4-494 Table 4.8.3.3-1 Multipurpose Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Estimated Construction Material/Resource Requirements 4-496 Table 4.8.3.3-2 Multipurpose Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Estimated Operation Utility Requirements 4-497 Table 4.10.3.1-1 Estimated Total Construction Materials/Resources Consumption to Complete a Nuclear Power Plant 4-515 Table 4.10.3.1-2 Estimated Peak Year Construction Air Emissions From Activities to Complete a Nuclear Power Plant 4-515 Table 4.10.3.1-3 Estimated Construction Workers Needed by Year to Complete a Nuclear Power Plant 4-516 Table 4.10.3.1-4 Estimated Construction Waste Generated to Complete a Nuclear Power Plant 4-516 Table 4.10.3.1-1 Generic Commercial Light Water Reactor Operational Parameters 4-517 Table 4.10.3.1-2 Commercial Light Water Reactor Operational Parameter Changes From Tritium Production 4-520 Table 4.10.3.2-3 Radiological Consequences of Transportation Accidents Shipping Tritium Target Rods 4-524 Table 4.16-1 Selected Demographic Characteristics for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Region-of-Influence 4-544 Table 4.16-2 Selected Demographic Characteristics for Nevada Test Site Region-of-Influence 4-544 Table 4.16-3 Selected Demographic Characteristics for Oak Ridge Reservation Region-of- Influence 4-545 Table 4.16-4 Selected Demographic Characteristics for Pantex Plant Region-of-Influence 4-545 Table 4.16-5 Selected Demographic Characteristics for Savannah River Site Region-of- Influence 4-546 Table 5.3-1 Federal Environmental Statutes, Regulations, and Orders 5-5 Table 5.3-2 Selected Department of Energy Environment, Safety, and Health Orders 5-10 Table 5.3-3 Department of Energy Agreements with Federal and State Environmental Regulatory Agencies 5-11 Table 5.3-4 State Environmental Statutes, Regulations, and Orders 5-12 Table 5.5-1 Estimated Number of Construction Worker Fatalities by Technology 5-17 ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND CONVERSION CHARTS Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Conversion Charts Acronyms and Abbreviations APT Accelerator Production of Tritium ALWR Advanced Light Water Reactor AQCR Air Quality Control Region CAA Clean Air Act CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CFR Code of Federal Regulations CWA Clean Water Act D&D decontamination and decommissioning DOD Department of Defense DOE Department of Enegy DOI Department of the Interior DOT Department of Transportation DP DOE Office of the Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs EA environmental assessment EIS environmental impact statement EM DOE Office of the Assistant Secretary for Environmental Management EPA Environmental Protection Agency ES&H environment, safety and health HAP hazardous air pollutants HE high explosive(s) HEPA high efficiency particulate air HEU highly enriched uranium HI Hazard Index HLW high-level waste HQ Hazard Quotient HWR Heavy Water Reactor INEL Idaho National Engineering Laboratory IP implementation plan Leq equivalent sound level LLW low-level waste MHTGR Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NEPA National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NOI Notice of Intent NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPL National Priorities List NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRHP National Register of Historic Places NTS Nevada Test Site ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORR Oak Ridge Reservation OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PEIS programmatic environmental impact statement PM10 particulate matter of aerodynarnic diameter less than 10 micrometers RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ROD Record of Decision ROI region-of-influence SAR Safety Analysis Report SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer SRS Savannah River Site START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty TOC total organic compounds TRU transuranic TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TSP total suspended particulates TSS tritium supply site USFWS U.S. Fish and wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey VOC volatile organic compounds VRM Visual Resource Management WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Chemicals and Units of Measure BGY billion gallons per year Btu British thermal units Ci curie CCl4 carbon tetrachloride CO carbon monoxide CFC chiorofluorocarbons dB decibel dBA decibel A-weighted DCE 1, 2-dichlororethylene F Fahrenheit ft^2 square feet ft^3 cubic feet ft^3/s cubic feet per second g gram gal gallon GPD gallons per day gpm gallons per minute GPY gallons per year HCFC-22 chlorodifluoromethane HMX cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine or 1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-l, 3,5, 7-tetrazocine hr hour kg kilogram kV kilovolt kVA kilovolt-ampere kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt hour lb pound lb/hr pounds per hour lb/yr pounds per year Li lithium mCi millicurie (one-thousandth of a curie) mCi/nil millicurie per milliliter mg milligram (one-thousandth of a gram) mg/l milligram per liter MGD million gallons per day MGY million gallons per year mrem millirem (one-thousandth of a rem) MVA megavolt-ampere MW megawatt Mwe megawatt electric Mwh megawatt hour MWt megawatt thermal nCi nanocurie (one-billionth of a curie) nCi/g nanocuries per gram NO2 nitrogen dioxide NOx nitrogen oxides O3 ozone Pb lead PCB polychlorinated biphenyl pCi picocurie (one-trillionth of a curie) pCi/l picocuries per liter PETN pentaeryritoltetramtrate ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million Pu plutonium RDX cyclotrimethylenetrinitrainine rem roentgen equivalent man SO2 sulfur dioxide TATB triaminotrinitrobenzene TCA 1,1, 1-trichloroethane TCE trichloroethylene TNT trinitrotoluene U uranium yd^3 cubic yards uCi microcurie (one-millionth of a curie) uCi/g microcuries per gram ug microgram (one-millionth of a gram) ug/kg micrograms per kilogram ug/l micrograms per liter ug/m3 micrograms per cubic meter um micron or micrometer (one-millionth of a meter) Metric Conversion Chart To Convert Into Metric To Convert Out of Metric If you Know Multiply By To Get If you Know Multiply By To Get Length inches 2.54 centimeters centimeters 0.3937 inches feet 30.48 centimeters centimeters 0.0328 feet feet 0.3048 meters meters 3.281 feet yards 0.9144 meters meters 1.0936 yards miles 1.60934 kilometers kilometers 0.6214 miles Area Sq. inches 6.4516 sq. centimeters Sq. centimeters 0.155 Sq. inches Sq. feet 0.092903 Sq. meters Sq. meters 10.7639 Sq. feet Sq. yards 0.8361 Sq. meters Sq. meters 1.196 Sq. yards acres 0.40469 hectares hectares 2.471 acres Sq. miles 2.58999 Sq. kilometers Sq. kilometers 0.3861 Sq. miles Volume fluid ounces 29.574 milliliters milliliters 0.0338 fluid ounces gallons 3.7854 liters liters 0.26417 gallons cubic feet 0.028317 cubic meters cubic meters 35.315 cubic feet cubic yards 0.76455 cubic meters cubic meters 1.308 cubic yards Weight ounces 28.3495 grams grams 0.03527 ounces pounds 0.4536 kilograms kilograms 2.2046 pounds short tons 0.90718 metric tons metric tons 1.1023 short tons Temperature Fahrenheit Subtract 32 then Celsius Celsius Multiply by 9/5ths, Fahrenheit multiply by 5/9ths then add 32 Metric Prefixes Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor exa- E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000=10^18 peta- P 1 000 000 000 000 000=10^15 tera- T 1 000 000 000 000=10^12 giga- G 1 000 000 000=10^9 mega- M 1 000 000=10^6 kilo- k 1 000=10^3 hecto- h 100=i0^2 deka da 10=10^1 deci- d 0.1=10^-1 centi- c 0.01=10^-2 milli- m 0.001=10^-3 micro- u 0.000 001=10^-6 nano- n 0.000 000 001=10^-9 pico- p 0.000 000 000 001=10^-12 femto- f 0.000 000 000 000 001=10^-15 atto- a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001=10^-18
