References

302. G. Lozino-Lozinsky, " 'Buren,' Its Creation and Prospects of Its Usage", 40th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, October 1989. See also V. V. Ryumin, "The 'Buren' Orbiter Flight Contrast Preparation" at the same conference.
303. "Improvements to Third Soviet Shuttle", Spaceflight, May 1990, p. 147.
304. J. M. Lenorovitz, "Soviets' Second Buran Orbiter Undergoes Launch Pad Tests", Aviation Week and Space Technology, 12 August 1991, pp. 38-40.
305. "Assembly of Second Orbiter Completed at Cosmodrome", Aviation Week and Space Technology, 10 June 1991, p.49.
Adapted from: Europe and Asia in Space 1993-1994, Nicholas Johnson and David Rodvold [Kaman Sciences / Air Force Phillips Laboratory]

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Buran Launch Vehicle

The Russian Federation's only large-scale reusable space transportation system was the Buran space shuttle, flown only once in 1988 in an unmanned mode. The Buran orbiter was quite similar to the US Space Shuttle with a mass of 75 metric tons, a payload capacity of 30 metric tons, a length of 36.4 m, and a wing-span of 24 m. Unlike the US Space Shuttle, Buran did not carry main engines which are employed during lift-off, since this function was performed by the Energiya launch vehicle central stage. During the early 1990's, a man rated Buran spacecraft was being prepared for flight, but in 1993 the program was officially terminated. Much of the remaining Buran hardware has been mothballed and is in storage at the Baikonur Cosmodrome (References 302-310).

Energia/Buran
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Space

References

Buran Launch Vehicle

Energia/Buran