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Further Reading

Slovenia

With democratic changes and the independence of Slovenia, the Territorial Defence Forces of Slovenia were transformed into the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF). The SAF's most important duties include the defence of the Republic of Slovenia, fulfilling international defence, military and other commitments taken on by the Republic of Slovenia, cooperating in tasks related to protection, salvage and aid, and in peace-keeping and humanitarian missions. Until 2002, the SAF was a conscript force, but it is now being transformed into a professional force. The process will be concluded in 2010. During this time, Slovenia will establish a professional army with a voluntary reserve.

Slovenia has rapidly integrated into the Euro-Atlantic community of nations and is one of the focus countries for the U.S. southeast European policy aimed at reinforcing regional stability and integration. The Slovenian Government is well-positioned to be an influential partner for other southeast European governments at different stages of reform and integration, and has introduced initiatives toward this goal, including the establishment of the Center for European Perspective, the Bled Strategic Forum, and the Brdo Process. To these ends, the U.S. urges Slovenia to maintain momentum on internal economic, political, and legal reforms, while expanding its international cooperation as resources allow. U.S. and allied efforts to assist Slovenia's military restructuring and modernization efforts are ongoing.

After successful resistance to the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) following the 10-day war of independence in 1991, Slovenia faced the challenge of establishing independent armed forces. The Slovene Armed Forces underwent a major reorganization from 2003 to 2005, with the goal of changing from a conscription-based territorial defense force to a professional, deployable, and combat-capable military within NATO. Conscription ended earlier than expected, in October 2003, and compulsory reserve service will end by 2010. As of 2009, Slovenia's professional force included 7,094 soldiers and 4,302 reservists. The current force structure consists of one fully professional motorized infantry brigade and two cadre/reserve force mechanized brigades. The professional brigade represents Slovenia's deployable reaction force. The Slovene Armed Forces also include a small air force, equipped with helicopters and turbo-prop fixed wing aircraft, and a naval attachment, including a coastal patrol boat. The United States provides bilateral military assistance to Slovenia, including through the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, the Foreign Military Financing (FMF) program, the State Partnership Program (aligned with Colorado), the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, the EUCOM Joint Contact Team Program, and the Regional Counterterrorism Fellowship Program (CTFP).

The beginnings of the Slovenian Armed Forces date back to May 1991, when at the 710th Pekre Training Centre (TC) and the 510th Ig TC an experimental military service of the first generation of the Slovenian military in the modern history of Slovenia began. In this period, Slovenia was formally still a republic of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Nevertheless, following a successful independence referendum on 23 December 1990, the Slovenians were in their minds already bidding Yugoslavia farewell. The initial joy that overwhelmed the first conscripts as they were arriving to the Pekre TC was soon outshone by unpleasant developments, when the leaders of the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) on 23 May 1991 attempted to prevent these intentions with aggression. Members of the 710th Pekre TC did not give in and on 2 June 1991 solemn swear-in ceremonies of the first peacetime soldiers in the Republic of Slovenia took place at both training centres. On 26 October 1991, after the ten-day War for Slovenia, which followed the declaration of independence on 25 June 1991, YPA members left Slovenia permanently.

Upon gaining independence, Slovenia organised its military defence in a way it was organised in the former common country, i.e. with conscription. Defence forces of the Republic of Slovenia (at the time called "the Territorial Defence") were composed of unit staffs with peacetime and wartime establishments, the peacetime establishment being manned with members of the active component and the conscripts. Their development quickly followed an example of western armed forces.

With the adoption of the Defence Act (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No 82/1994), the defence forces of the Republic of Slovenia were given a new name – the Slovenian Armed Forces. When established, the Slovenian Armed Forces set a number of goals directed into the provision of national security and participation in international security structures. In 1994, a decision was adopted that the Republic of Slovenia was to become a NATO member and was to assume obligations and responsibilities demanded by the integration into European and other international structures. Consequently, on 30 March 1994, the Republic of Slovenia was the first to join NATO Partnership for Peace programme. At that time, the defence forces of the Republic of Slovenia began to implement developmental and organisational changes required by the changes in the security environment and by the obligations within the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program.

The Slovenian Armed Forces actively strengthened their path towards the North Atlantic Alliance. Nevertheless, this still did not suffice to receive invitation to join NATO at the 1997 NATO Summit in Madrid. The Slovenian Armed Forces therefore devoted even more effort to the professionalisation and build up of modern and deployable forces. With a thorough development, they wished to establish a small, modern, effectively equipped and armed as well as highly competent armed force which would be able to operate independently or within international security structures. These efforts also included the deployment of the first Slovenian Armed Forces members to an international humanitarian operation ALBA in Albania.

After ten years as a PfP member, the Slovenian Armed Forces came to fulfil military conditions and at the 2002 NATO Summit in Prague received an invitation to join the Alliance as a full member. Along with this, a strategy of transition to professional armed forces was being developed and adopted at a national level. This set the conditions for the implementation of the strategy, and the preparations were underway for the PROVOJ project (transition to a professional armed force complemented with a contractual reserve). The aim of the project was to design a military organisation which would be founded on professional active and contractual reserve components, and would be able to implement all tasks and missions within the national defence system and the Alliance. Even before that, the conscripts had been increasingly opting for conscientious objection or alternative service, which was a clear sign that the general Slovenian public agreed with the professionalisation of the armed forces.

After having joined NATO on 29 March 2004, a very intensive five-year period of integration activities followed. These activities culminated in the signing of a Declaration on SAF integration into NATO. This Declaration defines the ability of the Slovenian Armed Forces to operate in line with NATO standards, which unite interoperability, deployability, sustainability, survivability in the area of operations and ability to recover. With the integration into NATO, the Slovenian Armed Forces proved to attain the required quality standards, which will in the future be intensively developed and upgraded.

In the 20 years of operation, the Slovenian Armed Forces have evolved into a modern, highly competent and credible institution which enjoys high reputation at home and abroad and manages to effectively work alongside the forces with longer traditions. Today, our troops not only perfectly cooperate with servicemembers from other countries, but also pass their knowledge and lessons learned along to their counterparts. In addition to their participation in international operations and missions, members of the Slovenian Armed Forces also perform peacetime duties within military representations, command structure and NATO and EU structure, international organisations and bodies as well as multinational commands and staffs.

These representatives provide for national relations and homogeneity, a unified representation of the interests of the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovenian Armed Forces abroad, as well as for a rational and efficient support of its servicemembers.

Slovenian Ministry of Defence stated on 21.06.1994 that Slovenia had not been negotiating for buying Israeli fighter airplanes Kfir. Commander of the Slovenian Army Force Command, Brigadier Alan Geder, stated in January 2010 that the air force was achieving set goals despite a lower budget. The main goals for the year include participation in a mission in Kosovo and preparations for an Afghanistan assignment. These will include participating in the NATO-led KFOR mission with a single helicopter, while the Afghanistan assignment is to involve several transport aircraft. The mission in Afghanistan will be an "operation of high intensity", and will require upgraded Eurocopter Cougar-class helicopters. The start of the operation is scheduled for 2012. http://www.slovenskavojska.si/en/structure/combat-service-support-forces/107th-air-base/#c1150 XV Brigade of Slovenian Air Force