Incorporating LAAD Into The Ground Combat Element AUTHOR Major Dennis Judge, USMC CSC 1991 SUBJECT AREA - Aviation EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TITLE: INCORPORATING LAAD INTO THE GROUND COMBAT ELEMENT I. Theme: To establish that a problem exists in the current employment of MAGTF Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) assets and to show that incorporation of LAAD into the GCE would provide the MAGTF Commander a better integrated air defense. II. Thesis: To deal with the increased air threat and to provide the MAGTF Commander and his subordinate ground commanders the freedom to maneuver, the Marine Corps needs to rethink its employment of Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) missiles and incorporate some "Stinger"/LAAD units in the Ground Combat Element (GCE). III. Discussion: On today's modern battlefield the greatest threat to the MAGTF comes from enemy aircraft. The Marine Corps Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) is designed to give the MAGTF Commander the air defense weapons mix, density, depth and mutual support to defeat this threat. The Air Combat Element Commander (ACE) is the MAGTF Commander's executive agent for Anti-Air Warfare (AAW). Utilizing the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS), the ACE Commander exercises centralized command and decentralized control over MAGTF IADS. The Stinger low altitude air defense missile represents the low end of the IAD system. The Stinger is an effective but a limited weapon that is only possessed by LAAD Battalion in the Marine Air Wing (MAW). LAAD units are usually employed in either general support of the MAGTF or in direct support of a particular unit. These methods of employment have problems due to the LAAD organizational structure. These problems include command and control, logistical support, and training. The MAGTF Commander and his subordinate ground unit commanders have the most to lose over this poor employment of LAAD. Air defense is not just the ACE Commander's responsibility but every commander's responsibility. Unfortunately, the Marine Corps has failed to train, equip, or provide the ground commander the authority to carry out this responsibility. Incorporating some organic LAAD assets in the Marine Division, and providing training to the ground officers in the employment of LAAD, would provide the GCE the means to conduct air defense and integrate into MAGTF IADS. IV. Summary: The introduction of the Light Armored Vehicle Air Defense variant (LAVAD) in LAI Battalion, along with a Regimental Air Defense Platoon (RAD) in the maneuver regiments is needed. These LAAD units supported by a consolidated Marine Air Defense (MAD) Battalion in the MAW, would better serve MAGTF IADS. V. Conclusion: Making these changes in the Marine Corps LAAD organization in conjunction with improved officer training, would be cost effective and would dramatically improve MAGTF air defense. By incorporating LAAD units in the GCE, the MAGTF Commander would be able to deal with the increased air threat, maintain centralized control and coordination, achieve greater integration, and gain more flexibility to maneuver and win on the modern battlefield. INCORPORATING LAAD INTO THE GROUND COMBAT ELEMENT OUTLINE Thesis statement: To deal with the increased air threat and to provide the MAGTF Commander and his subordinate ground commanders the freedom to maneuver, the Marine Corps needs to rethink its employment of Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) missiles and incorporate some "Stinger"/LAAD units in the Ground Combat Element (GCE). I. LAAD in the MAGTF's Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) A. MAGTF Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) command and control system B. Concept of IADS employed by the MAGTF C. The Stinger low altitude air defense missile D Current LAAD organizational structure II. The problems with LAAD employment A. LAAD unit employment and support relationships B. Stinger limitations in General Support (GS) C. Problems that hinder LAAD units in Direct Support (DS) II. The ground commander's role in unit air defense A. Ground commander's air defense responsibility B. Lack of training, equipment and authority C. The commander's inherent need to control fires in zone III. The concept of incorporating LAAD assets into the GCE A. Light Armored Vehicle Anti-Air variant (LAVAD) B. Benefits of MAGTF LAAD reorganization 1. Training continuity and logistical support 2. Synchronization of air defense with ground maneuver 3. Maneuver unit integration into MAGTF IADS C. Command relationship between the ACE and GCE IV. Proposed reorganization of LAAD assets A. Regimental Air Defense Platoon (RAD) B. LAVAD Company C. Marine Air Defense (MAD) Battalion V. Air Defense Training A. Division LAAD proficiency training B. Officer Training INCORPORATING LAAD INTO THE GROUND COMBAT ELEMENT The Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Commander is responsible for the security and protection of his forces from surprise and the effects of enemy weapons. On today's modern battlefield the greatest threat to MAGTF's combat power comes from the threat of enemy jet aircraft and helicopters. To defend against this increased threat, the Marine Corps should consider incorporating some "Stinger"/Low Attitude Air Defense (LAAD) units in the Ground Combat Element (GCE). This would provide the MAGTF Commander with the air defense density, depth and mutual support needed to meet this threat and still provide him the degree of control and integration necessary to maneuver and win on the modern battlefield. To understand why some LAAD assets should be incorporated as an organic part of the GCE, we need to examine first, the Marine Corps' Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) and the current organizational structure of LAAD: second, LAAD support relationships and their problems; third, the dilemma air defense poses to the ground commander; and fourth, a concept for LAAD reorganization and officer professional training that would improve MAGTF air defense. The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) Commander or Tactical Air Commander (TAC) is the MAGTF Commander's executive agent for conducting the Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) portion of the MAGTF's air campaign. The ACE Commander exercises his authority through the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS). According to FMFM 5-52, "MACCS provided the ACE Commander with means (personnel, equipment, communications facilities, and procedures) required for the effective command, coordination, and control of all MAGTF air operations, including the Integrated Air Defense System (IADS)." The Tactical Air Command Center (TACC) is the senior MACCS agency from which the ACE/TAC directs all air operations. All air space management and air defense control measures originate from the TACC. Subordinate to the TACC and the primary agency responsible for AAW in its assigned sector is the Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC). (11:ch 1, par 1005) According to doctrine in FMFM 5-52, "The TAOC is responsible for the surveillance, detection, identification and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles." MACCS employs a concept of defense-in-depth, that strongly relies on MAGTF air defense weapons mix, density, and mutual support at critical points, to gain and maintain air superiority over assigned air space. Utilizing centralized command and decentralized control, MACCS through the TAOC, combines the capabilities of fighter aircraft, Hawk medium altitude air defense missiles and Stinger low altitude air defense missiles into an Integrated Air Defense System (IADS). IADS provides the weapons mix, density and coordination to effect mutual support and makes air defense in-depth possible for the MAGTF. The Stinger low altitude air defense missile represents the low end of the IAD system. It is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, supersonic, guided missile system, that can also be pedestal mounted on a vehicle, such as a HMVV (PMS/Avenger) or a Light Armored Vehicle Air Defense variant (LAVAD). Stinger uses a passive infrared (IR) radiation seeker and proportional navigational guidance to acquire, track, and engage aircraft. It also possesses an IFF (Identify Friend or Foe) system to assist the gunner in aircraft identification. (11:ch 2, par 2001) As the war in Afghanistan showed, the Stinger is easy to employ and very effective. The Mujahedin Stinger gunners compiled a record of 269 kills out of 340 Stingers fired. They proved very clearly that the Stinger is a very deadly weapon against helicopters and jet aircraft. (20:Pt I, pars 1-11) Man-portable, and tactically mobile, the Stinger is designed to provide forward point air defense for the assault echelon of the MAGTF. With an effective envelope between 4000-6000 meters, the Stinger's range is comparable to that of the 81mm mortar. Because of this limitation, and the Stinger's reliance on visual target acquisition, the Stinger must be employed forward to effectively defend friendly vital areas and units. This is out of necessity due to the speed of jet aircraft and the increased standoff range of air delivered ordinance. In addition, the Stinger weapon system is dependent on MACCS for cueing of enemy aircraft and currently possesses no capability of engaging targets at night or during periods of reduced visibility. The Stinger is organic to the Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Battalion in the Marine Air Control Group (MACG) of the Marine Air Wing (MAW). Each LAAD Battalion possesses a battalion headquarters, a Headquarters and Service Battery and 2 Firing Batteries. The Firing Batteries each possess a Battery Headquarters and 3 Firing Platoons. The Firing Platoons each have a Platoon Headquarters and 3 Firing Sections. Each Firing Section has a Section Headquarters Element and 5 two man Firing Teams. (See page 4.) Click here to view image LAAD Battalion can field 90 Stinger Teams, a firing battery, 45 Teams, a Platoon 15 Teams and a Section 5 Teams. (11:ch 5, par 5012) By doctrine, a LAAD Platoon will normally be deployed to support a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), a battery will usually support a Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), and a battalion will support a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF). However, since Marine IADS usually is not employed in operations smaller than MEB size, MEUs routinely deploy with only a LAAD Section vice a platoon. (16:1-2) LAAD Units are usually employed in either general support (GS) of the MAGTF, or in direct support (DS) of a particular unit. Employed in the general support role, LAAD units position Stinger Teams to best support the entire MAGTF based on the MAGTF Commander's established air defense priorities. Low level air defense missile engagement zones (MEZs) are established at vital areas as FMFM 5-52 states, "to defend a specific installation, agency, or geographic location." LAAD units are also employed to reinforce IADS along key avenues of approach and cover low level gaps in the defense created by terrain or other factors. In the direct support role, LAAD units position Stinger Teams to best support a supported unit. A LAAD unit assigned the direct support mission employs its Stingers Teams based on the supported unit commander's air defense priorities and responds immediately to any air threat inside the supported unit's sector or zone of action. Although these forms of employment seem logical, there are problems associated with them that need closer examination. The Marine Corps' employment of LAAD in general support is driven by the concept of integration and is employed to provide the MAGTF with the optimum air defense weapons "mix" and "density" necessary to to do the job. Stinger is used in this role to compliment Hawk and fighter aircraft in IADS. There can be no doubt that anti-air weapons "mix" and "density" are the keys to an effective IAD system. The question is, can this best be achieved with stinger employed in general support of a MEF or MEB. I think not. Utilizing the Stinger missile in general support of a MEB or MEF, is similar to employing an 81mm mortar in general support of the MEB or MEF! The Stinger's limited range and capabilities make its employment in this fashion inappropriate. Unfortunately, the organizational structure of the Marine Corps meager LAAD assets, in the Marine Air Wing , reflects this logic. If this logic of organization was followed in the division for indirect fire weapons, all the mortars would be concentrated in a Mortar Battalion in the Artillery Regiment. Fortunately, mortars are not organized and employed in general support of the division. Although they could be organized in this fashion they have shown they can be far more effective employed at the battalion level and still integrate into the fire support plan with other division fire support assets. Similarly, it is my contention that a LAAD Battalion/LAAD Battery should not be employed in general support of a MEF/MEB. Employing the Stinger totally in this fashion is not appropriate or practical. Ideally, LAAD units should only be employed in general support of MEU/regimental sized units and below. LAAD units employed in this fashion would more efficiently perform their air defense mission and still integrate into the larger MAGTF IAD system. The direct support mission is a far more appropriate mission for LAAD units. It is what the Stinger was designed to do and it is usually the way the United States Marine Corps and Army employ their Stinger units. (22:ch 7, par 9d) In this role LAAD units are particularly adept at supporting maneuver units, combat support units, headquarters units and mobile combat service support units. However, unlike artillery in the direct support role, LAAD units require logistical support (classes I, III, and VI) and security from the supported unit. This dependence on the supported unit by most Stinger/LAAD units forces the supported unit to assume the logistical burden of responsibility for LAAD that it normally assumes only for organic and attached units. (11:ch 4 par 4004b) As a Rifle Company Commander in the Fleet, I rarely saw a LAAD unit train with my battalion. During a 1983 Combined Arms Exercise (CAX), I had occasion to be supported by Stinger/LAAD Teams. My first impression of these Marines, as I observed them, was that they were, "fish out of water." I remember coaching the young Corporal Section Leader on the scheme of maneuver and helping him plan and coordinate the movement of his teams to support the company. LAAD Sections are typically lead by junior NCOs, who are by necessity, forced to work in isolation at maximum radio range from their platoon headquarters. They are usually begging for supplies and lack the additional communications equipment and crypto-gear to effect close coordination with the units they are supporting. Compound these problems with a normal supported commander who knows little about air defense and it is easy to see the difficult time LAAD small units have in direct support. Combined with the fact LAAD Marines are ridiculed by the MAW for not being members of a "true" aviation unit and are generally rejected by ground marines for being members of the Wing, and its easy to see why LAAD Commanders feel they can best be employed in general support. The paradox is that direct support is the best way to employ LAAD. Unfortunately, the current organization of LAAD assets and the unique doctrinal relationship LAAD units have with supported units, does not facilitate this mission. The individual who has the most to lose over this poor employment of LAAD assets is the MAGTF Commander. However, the individual who will bear the brunt of enemy air attack is the ground unit commander. The ground unit commander in the GCE and the Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) is the key in air defense. Contrary to popular belief, air defense is not the ACE's responsibility, but every commander's responsibility. To quote OH 6-1, Ground Combat Operations, "Air defense is a critical component of the commander's responsibility for security and protection of his force." Unfortunately, the Marine Corps has failed to train or equip and provided the ground commander the authority to carry out this responsibility. Officers at The Basic School (TBS) receive only the briefest information concerning air defense and are not exposed to air defense planning and employment of LAAD. This ignorance concerning air defense and the proper integration of air defense in a concept of operations has reinforced the argument that LAAD assets remain consolidated in the MAW. In additIon to poor training, the ground commander has to contend with the lack of unit weapons to prosecute an active air defense. Equipped with only organic small arms (M16A2 rifle) and heavy machine guns (M-2 50 cal.), the ground commander has no real effective means to defend the unit. The Marine Corps has attempted to address this problem doctrinally by publishing FMFRP 5-54, Small Arms Defense Against Air Attack in 1988. However, unit training in active air defense still remains a low training priority. Marines still receive only rudimentary training in air defense and rarely if ever exercise as a unit. Lack of ranges, target drones, time and ammunition prevent most units from developing and maintaining this unit combat skill. However, the problem that appears the most perplexing, from a doctrinal stand point, is the ground commander's lack of authority to control LAAD fires in his zone of action. This appears to be inconsistent with other fire support doctrine. Currently the ground commander controls all fires within his boundaries short of the coordinated fire line (CFL), with the exception of LAAD fires. Presently, the only time a ground commander would have the authority to control LAAD fires is when a LAAD unit is attached to a unit on an independent or semi-independent mission. Doctrinally, the authority to control air defense fires is held by the ACE Commander and decentralized through MACCS via the LAAD chain of command. (9:ch 3, par 3202 d(1)e) This system provides the ACE Commander with firm control over MAGTF airspace but unfortunately strips the ground commander of the authority, and control he needs to provide close-in air defense for his unit. The point is, if the ground commander is going to be held responsible for the air defense of his unit, he must be given the means to provide that defense. Providing the ground units organic LAAD assets would provide the ground commander the means and authority to conduct a limited but effective air defense. In the case of the new Light Armored Vehicle Air Defense variant or LAVAD, this will be done. (2) The LAVAD, when introduced into the Fleet Marine Force in the mid 90's, would remain in the Light Armored Infantry (LAI) Battalion and will be organic to the Marine Division. (See page 11.) The LAVAD, with its increased mobility and versatile 25mm gun and Stinger weapons system, would be ideally suited to support the LAI Battalion or other MAGTF motorized/ mechanized units. The LAVAD would be crewed by Marines with she 7212 air defense MOS, and will remain under the command and control of the LAI/ground commander. The commander would control and coordinate the LAVAD's fires through the Air Defense Officer in the Fire Support Coordination Center (FSC), and will integrate the LAVAD into MAGTF IAD system via MACCS utilizing the new lap-top Weapon Direction Unit (WDU). This new introduction of LAAD assets into the Marine Division via the LAVAD has the potential to be a good start, but does not go far enough. More LAAD assets need to be moved from the Marine Air Wing and incorporated into the Marine Division. Although, it would be ideal to incorporate LAAD assets into every ground combat and combat service support unit, manpower and budget constraints makes this an impractical solution for the Marine Corps. Therefore, a compromise Click here to view image concept to solve the dilemma is needed. The compromIse concept I propose envisions a LAAD organizational structure that keeps some LAAD assets in the MAW, for MAGTF general support needs, and incorporates the remaining LAAD assets in the Marine Division as organic combat support for the GCE. This redistribution of MAGTF LAAD assets would significantly improve low altitude air defense. The greatest benefit of this redistribution would be that LAAD Marines would cease being "the red- headed stepchildren" of the MAGTF. Because division LAAD units would work routinely with the same units before deployment, they would gain acceptance as part of the unit they support. From this acceptance would grow an association and camaraderie shared by infantry battalions with other combat support units. This established training continuity would foster a relationship of teamwork, develop standard operational procedures (SOPs) and promote greater tactical proficiency. In addition to a closer training relationship, the incorporation of LAAD assets into the division would provide better a logistical support relationship for the GCE LAAD Marines. Ground units would automatically plan for LAAD support and take care of them as team members, rather than after-thoughts on the Gunny's list. Battalion unit leaders would take a keener interest in organic/attached LAAD teams and would report their performance personally through professional and social contact with the unit's Air Defense Officer (ADO) or Air Defense Staff Noncommissioned Officer (ADSNCO). This would informally give LAAD leaders a greater degree of control over their widely dispersed teams and would facilitate LAAD small unit discipline and pride. However, the greatest benefit of incorporating LAAD assets into the division would inevitably be the closer synchronization of low altitude air defense with the scheme of maneuver and fire support plan, a key element to the success of the Stinger in Afghanistan. (20:Part I, par 13) The LAAD Platoon Commander/LAAD Section Leader, acting as a special staff officer on the regimental/battalion staff, would assist the commander in his assessment of the battlefield from the anti-air perspective, perform staff estimates, and develop the unit's air defense plan. The ADO/ADSNCO along with the unit Air Officer (AO) would be able to provide the complete enemy and friendly air picture for the ground commander. This is a picture that presently is not provided to the ground maneuver commander. The ADO/ADSNCO, due to the new technology resident in the mobile Air Defense Command Post (ADCP) (to be fielded in the mid 90s), would be able to provide the commander with real time access to external electronic warning/cueing (EW/C) available to MACCS. (2) The ADCP will have the capability to down link EW/C from airborne sources like AWACS,ship borne sources, TAOC EW/C, and Hawk radar and the LAAD Lightweight Early Warning Detection Device (LEWDD). These ADCPs collocated with a Regimental Landing Team or Battalion Landing Team Fire Support Coordination Center would automatically transmit the real time air picture to WDU lap-top computers down to the LAAD Section and Team level. The WDUs would provide automatic re-transmission of the data to adjacent units, provide the ADCP with automatic position location of the LAAD Teams, and pass other information/reports from the Sections and Teams to the Command Post up the MACCS chain. (7:ch 5, 1-17) Incorporation of LAAD assets into the division combined with the new technology resident in the ADCP and the WDU would provide the ground maneuver commander with the weapons, authority and control to conduct low altitude air defense. It would aLso allow the ground commander to integrate into the MAGTF IAD system and become an extension of the decentralized MACCS LAAD chain of command. This command relationship would be similar to the command relationship that currently exists between the ACE and the GCE regarding the terminal control of Close Air Support (CAS). In this relationship, the ACE Commander on behalf of the MAGTF Commander would still be the overall coordinator for MAGTF air defense. He would exercise command and control over those air defense assets organic to the ACE and in addition coordinate the intergration of all MAGTF air defense assets into a cohesive IAD system. (See page 15) The unit ADO/ADSNCO and his LAAD Teams or the Tactical Air Defense Party (TADP) would interface with MACCS, plan employment and control unit low altitude air defense in the same manner the unit AO and his Tactical Air Control Party (TACP), interface with MACCS, plan and control Close Air Support (CAS). (See page 16) The results would be that division ground units out of necessity, would become more in tune with air defense and in time would acquire the same skill at employment and coordination of LAAD that they currently possess coordinating and employing CAS. However, reorganizing Marine Corps LAAD assets and training to support this concept must be realistic. Manpower and budgetary restraints make it obvious that any proposal to acquire additional Click here to view image LAAD equipment (not already in development) and personnel is unrealistic. Therefore, any incorporation of LAAD into the Marine Division must restructure and if possible consolidate existing and planned assets. I envision the results of such a structure would shift 1 battery of LAAD from the MAW to the Marine Division. These 45 LAAD teams would be divided up into 3 platoons and placed in the table of organization for each maneuver regiment. These Regimental Air Defense platoons or RADs would be organic to the Headquarters Company in each regiment and would be under the command and control of the Regimental Commander. (See page 18) The RAD platoon would be able to perform organizational maintenance (1st echelon) on all organic weapons and equipment. Equipped with man-portable Stinger missiles, RAD Platoon would provide the right mix of mobility and tactical flexibility to the Regimental Commander. With these assets the regiment would provide low altitude air defense for its battalions, team members, and its direct support artillery, based on the air threat and the Regimental Commander's air defense priorities. The Regimental commander would coordinate employment of his LAAD teams with the Division Commander and would be directly tied into MACCS via the TADP for MAGTF IAD cueing, coordination/reporting. LAVAD assets resident in the LAI Battalion would remain under the command and control of the Division Commander. The LAVAD variants would be employed in direct support of highly mobile motorized /mechanized MAGTF units and could also reinforce RAD platoons. The Division Commander and his ADO would coordinate the employment of GCE Click here to view image LAAD assets with the ACE Commander and would also be tied into MACCS via the Division TADP for MAGFT IAD cueing, coordination/reporting. The remaining MAGTF LAAD assets would consolidate with the Light Anti-Air Missile (LAAM) Battalion to form the Marine Air Defense (MAD) Battalion. The MAD Battalion would be organic to the Marine Air Control Group of the MAW. MAD Battalion would consist of: 1 headquarters battery, 2 Hawk missile batteries and 1 LAAD/Stinger missile battery. (See page 20) This battalion is notionally very similar in organization to the MAD Battalion due to be activated in the MAW in FY 95. (8) MAD Battalion in this structural concept of organization would be employed in general support of the MAGTF to provide both medium and low altitude air defense. It would remain under command and control of the ACE Commander and would be tied into MACCS along with the other LAAD assets in the MAGTF for cueing, coordination/ reporting. The single LAAD battery organic to the battalion, utilizing a mix of PMS/Avenger and man-portable Stingers with the ADCPs and WDUs would provide better GS and DS low altitude air defense to MAGTF command and control installations, combat service support units and other vital areas. The mobility of the PMS/Avenger and its night acquisition capability would allow the MAD LAAD assets to concentrate along key avenues of approach, and traverse large areas to reinforce weak spots and build greater depth and density to the MATFG air defense. The superior communication and remote EW/C provided via the ADCP and the WDUs would enhance the battery's ability to engage enemy aircraft and coordinate with GCE, RAD, and LAVAD units. (See page 21) Click here to view image To ensure adequacy of training far all MAGTF LAAD units, the Wing Commander would continue to monitor and coordinate all LAAD combat readiness training and evaluations. The Regimental Commander and LAI Battalion Commander would be responsible for training their RAD/LAVAD units. This would include individual and unit sustainment training, as well as special operations training that LAAD units in the current structure rarely receive. The Division Commander would schedule LAAD proficiency training and coordinate the use of Stinger Firing Ranges and Moving Target Simulator (MTS II) facilities with the Wing Commander. Combat Readiness Evaluations (CREs) in the areas of command and control, communications, visual aircraft recognition, engagement of targets and crew drills would be administered to both GCE LAAD units and ACE LAAD units by the Wing Commander. This training arrangement would ensure the integration of MAGTF LAAD assets in training as well as operations and would enhance combat readiness. Perhaps the most important change that would have to take place, in concert with this proposed concept of reorganization, would be in the area of officer professional education. Clearly air defense consciousness would need to be raised in the Officer Corps, particularly among ground officers. In order to do this, a package of instruction on unit air defense planning would have to be introduced at both TBS and AWS. This instruction would thoroughly cover the ground commander's air defense responsibilities and planning considerations. This sorely needed professional education would make all Marine Officers completely familiar with marine air defense organization, weapons capabilities and LAAD tactical employment. Its implemenation would go a long way to get everyone on board with the MAGTF's integrated air defense concept and would give the ground commander the training he needs to be a credible member of the air defense team. Making these changes in the Marine Corps' LAAD organization and in training would cost very little in the form of personnel or equipment and would dramatically improve MAGTF air defense. By incorporating Stinger/LAAD Units in the GCE via the Marine Division, the MAGTF Commander would be able to deal with the increased air threat, maintain centralized control and coordination, achieve greater integration, and gain more flexibility to maneuver and win on the modern battlefield. With the introduction of the LAVAD in the Division in the mid 1990s and the introduction of the new command, control and cueing technology resident in the ADCP and WDU, the time has come to rethink the employment of Stinger and solve the problems associated with the current LAAD structural organization. This can be done by incorporating organic LADD Units in the Ground Combat Element of the MAGTF. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Angell, Jeffery S., "A quick Look at the MAF Air Defense." Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, May 1986. 2. Eddins, B., Major U.S. Marine Corps. Acting Deputy Program Manager for Air Defense Command and Control, Marine Corps Research, Development and Acquisition Command. Personal interview about LAAD command and control. Quantico, Virginia, February 20, 1991. 3. King, Mark A., Captain, U.S. Marine Corps. "Our Dangerous Assumption," Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1989. 4. Kirkland, G.C. Jr. , "To Determine the Effects of Employment of the Light Antiaircraft Missile Battery by firing Platoon on T/O and T/E of the Battery." (C) Amphibious Warfare School Student Staff Study, Class 2-70. Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, Virginia, June 1970. 5. Sonnenberg, R.E., Lieutenant Colonel U.S. Marine Corps. "Does the Marine Corps Really Need Hawk?" Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1989. 6. "PMS/Avenger, FAADS First to Field." Boeing Corporation, Avenger Program, Huntsville Alabama, 1990. 7. "USMC Air Defense Forces Enhanced for Expeditionary Response." Hawk System, Raytheon Company, Lexington, Mass., 1990. 8. U.S. Marine Corps. "Marine Aviation Plan (Draft) FY-91-00." Code APP, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C. 9. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Combat Development Command. "ANTIAIR WARFARE," FMFM 5-5. Qantico, July 14, 1980. 10. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Combat Development Command. "Control of Aircraft and Missiles," OH 5-8. Quantico, February 1988. 11. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Combat Development Command. "Employment of the Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion," FMFM 5-52. Quantico, October 22, 1990. 12. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Combat Development Command. "Fleet Marine Force Organization 1990," FMFRP 1-11. Quantico, February 14, 1990. 13. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Combat Development Command. "Ground Combat Operations," OH 6-1. Quantico, January 1988. 14. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Lessons Learned System, "LAAD Employment." Post deployment report for LF6F 2-90 submitted by HMM-261, Marine Corps Command Development Command, Quantico, Virginia, July 3, 1990. 15. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Combat Development Command. "LAAD Platoon Commander's Handbook," OH 5-5C. Quantico, August, 1986. 16. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Lessons Learned System, "Occupational (OCC) Field 7210" Post deployment report for LF6F 2-90 submitted by HMM-261, Marine Corps Command Development Command, Quantico, Virginia, July 3, 1990. 17. U.S. Marine Corps. "Redeye/BLT Feasibility Study." (C) Letter of Promulgation from Deputy Chief of Staff Air, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., June 22, 1972. 18. U.S. Marine Corps. "Redeye Employment Standing Operating Procedures." (C) Second Marine Air Wing, FMF Atlantic, Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, April 19, 1972. 19. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Combat Development Command. "Small Arms Defense Against Air Attack," FMFRP 5-54. Quantico, October 25, 1988. 20. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Lessons Learned System, "Stinger in Afghanistan." Lessons Learned Bulletin, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, Virginia, January 7, 1989. 21. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Lessons Learned System, "Stinger Section Control and Communication." Study of Desert Shield conduct by Marine Corps Research Development and Acquistion Command, Quantico, Virginia, December 1, 1990. 22. U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Air-Ground Training and Education Center. "The United States Army." 1P 1-22. Quantico, Virginia, April 1986.
