Military

3-1. Mobilization is a process in which all or part of the armed forces are brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency. This includes activating all or part of the reserve component (RC) or National Guard (NG). Strategic mobilization includes industry. There are five levels of mobilization whose process is continuous but not necessary sequential. The levels are:

• Selective mobilization
• Presidential selected reserve call-up
• Partial mobilization
• Full mobilization
• Total mobilization

3-2. The mobilization phase places demands on the ADA brigade to expand in order to meet the mobilization requirements of units, personnel, and equipment. While the ADA brigade may have no specific responsibilities for mobilizing RC or NG forces, the brigade commander may want to follow the mobilization of his war-trace battalions. It is during this phase that the brigade identifies its needed resources. FM 3-35 provides specifics on the Army’s mobilization process.

3-3. Predeployment activities and mobilization generally occur simultaneously. Both begin with an alert process that sets into motion actions necessary for deployment and subsequent employment of forces. Predeployment activities include planning, organizing the brigade’s forces, and preparing personnel and equipment for deployment.

3-4. Predeployment activities involve the actions that must be taken before a unit can deploy. The deployment can involve anything from an emergency deployment readiness exercise (EDRE) to a force projection operation such as Desert Shield/Storm. It is imperative that leaders are ready to deploy at any time. Predeployment tasks must be practiced during normal training periods. After the alert is initiated, the conduct of the predeployment activities should only be a review.

3-5. Successful force projection capabilities rely on fully trained, well-led, properly equipped and sustained units and soldiers. Predeployment activities bring together the ADA active component (AC), RC, and NG organizations under the control of the ADA brigade. At this time the brigade prepares for force projection. The lift requirements are planned based on the operation’s METT-TC. The time-phased force and deployment data list (TPFDDL) is prepared. ADA brigade units are brought to strength in personnel and equipment.

3-6. Deployment is the movement of forces and their support bases from any location to an AO in response to a military need or crisis. Contingency and or exercise movement plans are required for all units that are listed in an approved contingency or exercise plan when the exercise directive requires a movement plan. Exercise movement plans will not be filed with contingency/mobilization/deployment movement plans. The movement of troops and equipment to any location in the world is described as deployment. This movement of troops and equipment can be in large or small quantities. ADA units must be prepared at all times for any type of deployment. Equipment deployment, movement control, operation of ports and airfields, leader training, individual training, and personnel deployment are significant areas requiring a leader's personal attention in planning and execution. Rail, truck, aircraft, or ship can move troops and or equipment. Coordination with the transporting agency must be accomplished to ensure timely, complete, successful, and efficient deployment. Leader and individual training are conducted simultaneously after the departure of equipment and prior to the personnel deployment. Individual training should consist of a review of basic soldier skill tasks for the soldiers. Leader training is conducted while individual training is conducted with soldiers. This involves gathering as much information on the threat as possible prior to troop deployment and to begin mission planning. Having access to the actual mission allows for mission analysis, a tentative plan, subunit planning, back briefs, war gaming, and plan adjustments. This must occur prior to entering the theater of operations. Having the mission information saves time on preparation to enter the AO.

3-7. Deployment movement plans are required for all AC units and RC units who are identified under the pre-positioned materiel configure in units sets (POMCUS) program or assigned a direct or modified deploying mission. All other RC units except non-deploying units will prepare a modified deployment plan to be filed as an addendum to the mobilization movement plan. Commanders will determine the type of plan or plans to be written based on the operations plan (OPLAN), which corresponds to the unit's primary CAPSTONE mission. Typical information available from the time-phased force and deployment list (TPFDL) includes mode of transportation, port of embarkation (POE), port of debarkation (POD), and the latest arrival date (LAD) on which a unit can be delivered at the POD. The information on the TPFDL can be acquired through the S-3/G-3 channels that in turn access the TPFDL through the installations' worldwide military command and control system (WWMCCS) terminal. The intelligence officer (S2) or civil affairs officer (S5) should be prepared to brief a country orientation for the area of deployment. This should include information ranging from climate to threat.

3-8. The deployment of the corps ADA brigade elements may occur after or concurrent with the deployment of an EAC ADA brigade and AAMDC. The deployment will be a phased activity to bring the right balance of corps forces into the AO. The deployment period is focused on staging or assembling units and associated equipment at the appropriate air or seaport.

3-9. Entry is the sequencing of forces into an AO. The ADA brigade arrives into the AO as either an entry force or as a follow-on force. Entry operations may be opposed by an enemy or may be unopposed. It is important to note that each entry option reflects a different set of strategies, operational, and or tactical requirements affecting the level of sustainment support required. The logistics functions of manning, arming, fixing, fueling, moving, and sustaining the soldier apply to the following operations. Entry operations is a phased build-up of AAMDC and brigade units, personnel, and equipment equal to the projected threat and is generally comparable to the element of the size of the joint/combined force being supported. It can be an overt or a covert operation. The expansion and build-up of the lodgment is completed prior to launching the entry operation to secure deep operations. The corps ADA brigade will move forward with the corps into decisive operations to gain deep objectives. The sustainment activity increases in tempo to support ADA brigade activities.

3-10. Unopposed entry is entering the theater peacefully with the assistance of the host nation. Early deploying units may flow through airports or seaports into a lodgment area. From this area they assist forward-presence or host nation forces, protect the force, reconfigure, build combat capability, train, and acclimate to the environment. Entry during stability operations and support operations will normally be unopposed. However, even in this apparently benign entry operation, protection of the force remains a critical command consideration. The unopposed entry places a lower personnel and equipment logistics burden on the AAMDC subordinate ADA brigades. Combat losses probably will be less during the force projection. The unopposed entry is the preferred type of entry. Unopposed entry planning requirements are initial force projection and sustainment.

3-11. Opposed entry requires forces to deploy into a theater prepared for combat operations. If the circumstances are right, the entry and combat operations stages could combine in a "coup de main", achieving the strategic objectives in a single major operation. The operation is at greatest risk during opposed entry operations in which units move directly to combat operations. Often this will be the first contact between US forces and the enemy. Early entry forces may have to move immediately to combat operations to take advantage of an opportunity, protect the force, or even conduct retrograde operations to gain time for additional force buildup. Opposed entry operations require the full synchronization of joint capabilities in order to place large ground forces in the theater. In opposed entry operations, units, personnel, and equipment are required at a higher number and faster rate because of the level of attrition and combat losses. It ends when initial objectives have been completed and the lodgment is secured. At this time reconstitution of forces if required, is completed before the next phase begins. This phase could be offensive or defensive operations. Opposed planning requirements are:

• Initial force projection requirements
• Phase/Stage/Campaign force projection requirements
• Sustainment requirements

3-12. The opposed early entry could include the initial assault force projection and the follow-on force projection. The consumption of personnel, supplies, and equipment by enemy action could place a greater demand on the sustainment activities.

3-13. Operations comprise actions that lead to or directly contribute to accomplishing the combatant commander’s mission. The operations phase of force projection may occur immediately or after a long buildup.

3-14. The ADA objectives focus on preserving combat power while repelling aerial threats, gaining the initiative, and supporting the offense. Air and missile defense objectives are the same for established theaters as they are for force projection operations. Joint counterair and ADA brigade air and missile defense participants fill various roles to achieve these objectives. The ADA objectives include theater missile defense, air breathing threat defense, and surveillance planning. The specific theater missile and air defense and surveillance planning objectives are described below.

3-15. The purpose of the TMD is to counter the TM threat by coordinating and integrating the four operational elements, or pillars, of TMD into cohesive and coherent combat operations. FM 3-01.12, Army Theater Missile Defense Operations, provides more details of the Army’s TMD operations. Army TMD requires strategic, operational, and tactical intelligence information to accomplish interception of missiles in the upper tier. The purposes are achieved by:

• Deterring hostile nations from employing theater missiles
• Deterring launch of theater missiles against US forces, US allies, and other strategically important countries including areas of vital interest
• Protecting US forces, US allies, other important countries, and areas of vital interest from theater missiles launched against them
• Reducing the probability of theater missile attacks and minimizing the effects of damage caused by them
• Detecting, warning of, and reporting enemy theater missile launches

3-16. The purpose of aircraft defense is to accomplish destruction of rotary-wing (RW), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs), cruise missile (CMs), and fixed-winged (FW) penetrators. The aircraft defense design must be integrated with TMD. Air breathing threat (ABT) defense includes the following:

• Detection of potential threat (UAVs, RWs, CMs, FW penetrators)
• Identification of unknown objects
• Interception of enemy forces
• Destruction or nullification of enemy weapons

3-17. The surveillance planning objectives are required for the surveillance role. These planning objectives are provided below:

• Strike the enemy as soon as possible
• Subject the enemy to pressures of increasing intensity of forces and diversity of weapon systems as the target approaches the engagement zone
• Keep the enemy under surveillance and attack as long as it remains threat

3-18. The corps ADA brigade commander is responsible for the corps area air defense (CAAD). This responsibility is a proactive operation with attack and defense components.

3-19. CAAD contributes to attack operations by providing intelligence on enemy TMD activities allowing friendly forces to be first to fire and first to destroy the enemy. This is an offensive principle based on effective and efficient defense design. Attack operations implement the thrust of all ADA fundamentals. CAAD attack operations are based on effective command, control, communications, and intelligence (C³I).

3-20. CAAD defensive operations are based on active defense measures. Direct action is taken to destroy or reduce the effectiveness of enemy air operations. It includes the use of aircraft, surface-to-air weapon systems, electronic attack (EA), and non-ADA weapons used in an air defense role (refer to FM 3-01.8). It includes the following types of defenses.

• Static Point Defense. A posture designed for the protection of a more limited area, normally in the defense of the vital elements of a force and or the vital installations of the rear area. A static point defense is characterized by priority of defense being given to specific assets. Generally, a static point defense is applicable to geopolitical targets (population centers, APOD, SPOD, bridges, power grids, utilities, dams) or fixed military installations.
• Mobile Point Defense. A posture designed for protection of military organizations during force operations. A mobile point defense is characterized by priority of defense being given to specific military organizations in the execution of combat operations.
• Area Defense. A posture designed for the defense of a broad area. Airborne AD resources have primary responsibility for providing area air defenses because of their flexibility, range, mobility, and reusability. In an area defense, no particular asset(s) receives priority of defense.
• Passive air defense. All measures other than active air defense taken to minimize the effects of hostile air action. These include, but are not restricted to, the use of cover, concealment, camouflage, dispersion, and protective construction.

3-21. The ADA brigade participates in the C³ countermeasure strategy to deny the enemy information. This is a proactive strategy designed to protect friendly high value targets (critical assets) from enemy attack, information gathering, or deception techniques. The objective is to deny, negate, or destroy enemy surveillance of the corps strength and disposition.

3-22. Offensive operations or attack operations are susceptible to information gathering by the threat. Therefore, OPSEC is dependent on friendly counter-countermeasures for surveillance attack operations. These measures are the physical destruction and or jamming of surveillance craft and the full employment of our sensors, including AWACS, control and reporting post (CRP), control and reporting center (CRC), TMD radars, Patriot radars, and SHORAD radars

3-23. The ultimate objective is to seize the initiative and, thereby, making offensive operations allowable. Active defense operations provide protection from surveillance by the fully coordinated use of lethal assets to suppress, neutralize, or destroy airborne surveillance craft. Passive defense measures protect combat forces and assets by reducing the probability of effective enemy surveillance. It includes the practice of OPSEC and the establishment of a countersurveillance program. It includes any action to minimize the effects of enemy surveillance including cover, concealment, camouflage, dummy positions, and dispersion.

3-24. In combat operations, the JTF at some point decides to move against the enemy. This point in time may be predetermined and stated in the mission plan or it may be tied to specific enemy actions. Employment options are affected by friendly forces on the ground, the type of terrain, and the disposition of the enemy. As the operations begin, the commander assembles sufficient combat power to win the decisive victory.

3-25. The combat operations supported by the corps ADA brigade require the movement of forces forward to support the attack. This provides maximum ADA protection to the corps while in the offense. The EAC ADA brigade coordinates with the corps ADA brigade to ensure that the ADA protection of the theater of operations is not degraded by corps units moving forward. During combat operations, the ADA brigade conducts offensive, defensive, and other operations detailed in subsequent chapters of this manual.

3-26. Successful combat operations are designed to bring an end to the war. When a cessation of hostilities or a truce is called, deployed forces transition to a period of postconflict operations. This transition can occur even if residual combat operations are still underway in parts of the theater of operations.

3-27. War termination results when the combat force takes up defensive positions. These defensive positions could be non-linear or linear.

3-28. The ADA brigade participates in restoring order. It actively maintains its mission of providing protection to the theater from the TM threat and ABT. It begins preparing selected ADA brigade units for redeployment. The post conflict period could also address activities identified as Support Operations and Stability Operations.

3-29. This phase’s objective is to redeploy no longer needed assets. Redeployed forces may be sent back to CONUS or prepared for deployment to a new station or theater. The redeployment is supported by reconstitution activities. Both activities require planning to include the allocation of lift support, accountability, and packaging. Redeploying forces require protection.

3-30. The ADA brigade reconstitutes its assets during decisive operations. Reconstitution also occurs at war termination and before redeployment.

3-31. The ADA brigade assets redeploy in parallel to the drawdown of the corps. Protection against enemy TM or ABT attacks is provided throughout the redeployment.

3-32. Demobilization must be planned for and executed. The demobilization must meet the commander's intent and air defense focus. Redeployed units to CONUS that are identified for demobilization require the following activities:

• Personnel and equipment are checked out.
• Personnel will be returned to the reserve component and civilian life.
• Equipment will be inspected and properly classified.
• Units will be returned to control of the reserve component.