Military

2-1. The battlefield has a physical structure (terrain, road networks, and airspace), a command structure (boundaries and phase lines), and a potential structure that can be imposed by maneuver, fires, C2 warfare, air defense, and mobility/countermobility operations. The commander synchronizes operations by arranging activities in time and space to achieve a particular objective. Corps and EAC objectives will be different at different places. For example, the corps focuses on deep interdiction in one area, direct engagement of the enemy in another, and protection of maneuver and sustainment in still other areas. There is also a functional structure, sometimes termed battlefield geometry, which encompasses the close, deep, and rear areas. Using the factors of METT-TC, the commander seeks to arrange combat functions to shape the battlefield in order to put the enemy in a position where he can be defeated. This requires a clear understanding of the battlefield framework.

2-2. Based on the mission and task organization, higher headquarters assigns the space within which the force operates. The force AO should be large enough to allow the commander to maneuver, conduct operations, and protect his forces. The AO of the corps ADA brigade is normally coincident with the corps AO. The AO of the EAC ADA brigade may be the whole theater. Additionally, the Missile Engagement Zone (MEZ) provides the ADA brigade an AO in the air environment in which to fight. As authorized by the JFLCC, the AAMDC, as deputy AADC, will normally be given positioning authority of Patriot units. However, the Joint Forces Commander (JFC) may retain positioning authority for the EAC Patriot units for the TMD fight.

2-3. The commander considers all factors of METT-TC. He attempts to develop a potential battlefield structure to dominate the enemy by fires and maneuver. The commander uses his combat power to paralyze the enemy force. The commander’s spatial concept of operation is termed his battlespace. It extends beyond the three dimensions to include time. He incorporates the tempo, the duration of the operation, and the synchronization of actions. Battlespace varies in size over time and by weapons engagement or acquisition capability. It has an associated area of influence and area of interest. For example, where Army tactical missile systems (ATACMS) strikes at a particular place and time is important to the corps plan. The corps battlespace extends to encompass ATACMS targets. Battlespace is not depicted on a map or in an operations order (OPORD), but is the basis of both the commander’s concept of operation and his organization of the battlefield. The battlespace of the corps ADA brigade includes the MEZ. The air defense battlespace of the corps itself, however, may extend to enemy air bases and TM launchers. These may be attacked through offensive counterair (OCA) or corps deep target nominations. The corps AMDCOORD coordinates target nominations. The battlespace for the EAC ADA brigade may include the whole theater of operations, particularly in the TMD fight. Enemy TM launchers and employment sights will be nominated for attack by the TAAMDCOORD.

2-4. The commander organizes his force functionally around decisive, shaping, or sustaining operations. This decision forms the basis of the concept of operations. Decisive operations at any echelon directly achieve the mission of the higher headquarters. These operations determine the outcome of major operations, battles, and engagement. Shaping operations at any echelon create and preserve conditions for success of the decisive operation. These operations include lethal and nonlethal activities conducted throughout the AO. Shaping operations support decisive operations and use the full range of military power. Sustaining operations are operations that enable shaping and decisive operations by assuring freedom of action and continuity of operations, combat service support, and command and control. Sustaining operations generate and maintain combat power. ADA brigades primarily function as a shaping force, providing the maneuver command the freedom to successfully execute decisive operations.

2-5. The commander may also organize the battlefield around close operations, deep operations, and rear operations. The focus of corps deep operations is on interdicting enemy combat power before it can be employed. Elements that can threaten the corps in the near future are attacked with corps and joint fire support attack assets. In the close fight, divisions in contact fight the current battle to defeat the enemy in the security zone and main battle area. The objective of rear operations is to protect sustainment operations and freedom of maneuver in the corps rear area. The corps commander functionally organizes the deep, rear, and close battles by means of command guidance, priorities, and coordinating measures. The corps ADA brigade contributes to deep operations through OCA target nominations and to close and rear operations through AMD defenses. The corps ADE and LNO’s to the corps TAC and rear CP assist the corps AMDCOORD in all three corps operations.

2-6. Army operations can occur within an environment of offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. In peacetime, the Army supports national military strategy through other operations and deterrence. In periods of conflict, the Army conducts operations or limited combat operations, such as antiterrorism operations or peacekeeping operations to support strategic objectives. In war, the Army conducts combat operations against an armed enemy. In all cases, AMD operations occur within an environment that has both a physical and a human dimension. These dimensions affect how AMD operations are conducted and the survivability of AMD units and soldiers.

2-7. Soldiers execute operations. These soldiers are extensions both of the commander’s will and of the weapon system or equipment that they operate. AMD operations frequently employ soldiers in units of squad size or smaller throughout the AO. The nature of AMD missions requires AMD soldiers to interact directly with supported company, battalion or brigade commanders. The environment of combat, combined with unique AMD requirements, places great demands on AMD soldiers. Their wrong decisions during an air and missile defense battle could result in fratricide with force-wide ramifications. To meet these challenges, AMD soldiers must be well-led by AMD commanders. They must also be physically and psychologically prepared for the rigors of battle. This task must be accomplished by small unit leaders through peacetime training and soldier development programs. In interpreting orders, AMD soldiers must be able to perform their mission and act appropriately in difficult circumstances. Orders may come from several sources and require complex rules of engagement.

2-8. AMD operations occur within three radically different physical environments, making them complex and inherently joint operations. These environments are described in the paragraphs below.

2-9. Most of the effects and events of combat operations occur within the ground environment, a two-dimensional space dominated by terrain. Terrain constrains maneuver, fires, and communications. On the other hand, terrain provides cover and concealment. Most land force units shoot, move, and communicate in this environment with predictable planning factors. Most joint force sustainment operations and lines of communication also operate in the ground environment. AMD force operations take place within the ground environment and function to protect assets and activities within this environment.

2-10. In the air environment, there is no terrain. Only fuel, weather, navigation systems, and capabilities for platform and target acquisition limit aerial maneuver. Ground terrain may indirectly affect aerial maneuver, but ground maneuver forces can never compete directly with the maneuverability of air forces. On the other hand, the terrain that provides cover or conceals ground forces is not useful to air forces. Corps AMD operations maximize the vulnerability of enemy air forces through integrated defenses in depth. On the flanks of and in front of the corps, this integration includes adjacent corps AMD defenses and Air Force forces (AFFOR) DCA assets. Within the corps AO, corps divisional AMD defenses are deployed in areas of assets and activities where the enemy is most likely to attack and forward along likely enemy avenues of approach. Finally, AMD engagement operations target enemy airpower on the ground by timely OCA target nominations through the corps or Army level Deep Operations Coordination Center (DOCC).

2-11. The growing dependence of Army forces on space-based communications systems and the tactical missile threat have made the environment of space more relevant to Army operations. Space offers all of the advantages of the air environment without the fuel requirement as a significant constraint. Weather does not directly affect space-based platforms, but it does affect the ability of space sensors to acquire information. The environment of space is ideally suited for sustained command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C⁴I) operations. It provides global reach to the C² and intelligence combat functions. ADA brigades receive intelligence from space-based systems and conduct engagement operations against tactical missiles flying through this environment. Figure 2-1 depicts the air and space environments.

2-12. The combat operating model describes operations in the ground environment in terms of systems. Each system affords the commander certain capabilities, but brings with it certain resource costs and tactical risks. The commander’s concept of operation consists mainly of how he trades off capabilities and constraints among the seven battlefield operating systems of maneuver; fires; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; mobility and survivability; air defense; command and control; and combat service support. The primary effect and purpose of the AD operating system is force protection and includes both passive measures, such as camouflage and OPSEC, and active measures. The AD operating system protects the maneuver, C², intelligence, and logistics systems from interdiction by enemy air and missile forces.

2-13. Army operations are governed at all levels by the principles of war and by tenets of Army operations. The principles of war guide the planning of operations by outlining fundamentals that support military success. The tenets of Army operations are qualities that ideally describe the execution of operations and influence planning. AMD operations are conducted based on the five Army tenets described in the following paragraphs.

2-14. Initiative sets or changes the terms of battle by action. The force that seizes and retains the initiative wins battles. Initiative paralyzes the enemy’s C² system by diverting its focus from executing the enemy’s own plan to reacting to the friendly forces' action. Offensive action is undertaken as a means of seizing the initiative. AMD operations start by anticipating where and when enemy air forces will seek battle. Well-designed AMD defenses upset the enemy's attack, canalize it away from its objective through well-executed fires, and defeat the enemy in preplanned engagement zones.

2-15. Agile forces are able to react faster than the enemy. Tactical agility is first of all a mental state, achieved by good training and good tactical plans. Agility requires an ability to visualize how events will unfold, to identify areas of uncertainty, to develop branch plans, and to identify points where execution decisions must be made. AMD operations are conducted against a very mobile enemy who can rapidly generate air and missile sorties. The agility of enemy air is constrained by his objective of attacking high payoff targets. It can be anticipated by effective air IPB. The ADA brigade assists the G2 in developing the air intelligence estimate by designing defenses to meet more than one likely enemy course of action. AMD agility is achieved in planning force operations. A decision support matrix, which is key in identifying decision points adjustment of the plan, may be required. In engagement operations, agility is achieved by HIMAD fire direction, positive control, and by flexible firing doctrine. Situation awareness of the air environment within the TOC keeps the commander abreast of overall trends in the air battle. Finally, agility in AMD operations is sustained by expecting the unexpected. Not all enemy actions and tactics can be anticipated. The ADA brigade must have the ability to assess the results of operations and refine tactics on the spot. Battalion standard operating procedures (SOPs) should have procedures to debrief weapons crews after significant air battles and to assess lessons learned. The after action review (AAR) process and unit training continues in wartime by focusing on assessing and neutralizing new enemy tactics.

2-16. Fighting only on the forward line of own troops (FLOT), whether in the offense or the defense, means accepting the enemy’s terms of battle. Initiative requires the force to seek its own terms of battle. Like all of the tenets of operations, depth is a frame of mind. Commanders must think in depth in order to fight in depth. To do this, the force extends the depth of its operations to encompass the time, terrain, and friendly as well as enemy forces that are essential to the objective. "Battlespace" describes the depth of the forces' operations. It varies with available weapons and force objectives. The corps' ability to fight in depth is afforded by the corps' plans element and the DOCC in the corps main CP. The corps ADA brigade fights throughout the corps battlespace. Engagement operations occur near term within the corps AO. Force operations put AMD forces and defenses in place before the enemy can acquire and target the designated assets or activities. The AMD doctrinal employment guideline of early engagement lays out plans for early warning systems and defenses in depth. This forces the enemy to run a lethal gauntlet and gives the defended force time to react. Deep target nominations by the corps brigade contribute to preemptive attacks on enemy air assets and their supporting structures.

2-17. Synchronization means to arrange, develop, organize, or combine to achieve a desired or maximum effect. Synchronization describes the means that a commander applies to the complementary and reinforcing effects of all military and nonmilitary assets to overwhelm the enemy at one or more decisive points. Synchronization requires controlling the tempo of operations as well as weighting and shifting efforts in a dynamic environment. Synchronization includes forces, events, rules of engagement, maneuver options, level of control, and other military and nonmilitary systems. It requires a thorough understanding of the nature of the operation. AMD operations theater-wide must be functionally integrated. The ADA brigade applies the right mix of weapon systems, using the right degree of control and operating at the right tempo to provide AMD protection. The primary function of the corps ADA brigade is to be orchestrated with the corps plan. The ADA brigade develops a prioritized coverage plan that supports the overall corps plan. It develops an AMD scheme of maneuver that maintains mobile coverage over a moving corps. The brigade integrates the complementary effects of all joint, EAC, organic and divisional AMD weapons, and AD capabilities within the corps AO. The EAC brigade orchestrates its air defense operations to support the warfighting commanders by protecting their centers of gravity and providing them with the freedom to carry the fight to the enemy.

2-18. The organization, discipline, and sophisticated command and control of military units has application to other operations. Other military operations are an integral part of US national military strategy and can occur before, during, after, or independently of wartime operations. The range of other military operational missions to a military unit is limited only by the unit's ability to organize and direct an effort toward the other military operational objective. AMD units have accomplished numerous other operation missions in recent years, including support of counterdrug operations, show of force (SWA Patriot rotations), humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (Guantanamo Bay, Haiti, Hurricane Andrew), and peace enforcement operations (Bosnia). Versatility requires the ADA brigade to be able to perform diverse missions, but also to conduct AMD operations. The brigade does this simultaneously in air and ground environments. It performs this mission at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of war. Versatility challenges ADA leaders to build cohesive teams and maintain solid staff and decision-making procedures. It must also transition quickly between types of operations.

2-19. Combat power is produced by a combination of five elements: maneuver, firepower, protection, information operations, and leadership. Leadership is the most decisive and least resource constrained element. Combat power is massed at the right time and place by means of the four elements. Military success is achieved by combat power applied effectively and disproportional against the enemy at the critical time and place. AMD contributes to combat power by protecting the force from air and missile attack and by attacking enemy air. It defeats enemy aerial reconnaissance efforts, defends assets, and avoids fratricide. AMD protection provides the force the flexibility and freedom to maneuver.

2-20. AMD combat power is produced by the dynamic interaction of these same elements. Excellent AMD leaders provide the most essential element of AMD combat power by training their units in peacetime, by deploying them rapidly and safely to the theater of operations, by developing sound tactical plans, providing clear orders and intent, and by leading from the front in executing the unit mission. AMD maneuver positions fire units at decisive points and times in a manner that maximizes the effects of surprise and psychological shock on enemy air. AMD firepower accomplishes the AMD mission of destroying or defeating enemy air and missile attacks. Positive and procedural controls mass firepower where it is needed while maintaining the operational security of the overall AMD defense. Finally, ADA commanders conserve combat power where it is not needed through management of fire unit and individual battle readiness, by enforcing safety standards, and by maintaining strict OPSEC of AMD operations.

2-21. The focus of ADA brigade planning is to accomplish assigned brigade tasks and support the commander’s intent. Brigade planners use basic AD employment principles to develop the plan. AMD doctrine recognizes four employment principles as discussed in the following paragraphs.

2-22. This principle of war has been an ADA imperative since World War I. It remains valid because the ability of enemy air forces to concentrate rapidly over a target may overwhelm even today’s highly capable AMD weapons. ADA battalion missions must be flexible enough to enable subordinate units to concentrate AMD firepower to defeat the enemy where and when he chooses to mass.

2-23. Commanders task-organize their forces for the mission. They develop the concept of operation for their offensive and defensive plans. The "mixing" of units and their weapons capabilities and limitations affords the agility to meet all aspects of the threat. In AMD operations, mix refers mainly to weapon systems and sensors. The ADA brigade can provide for mixed defenses by means of missions assigned to subordinate HIMAD and short range air defense (SHORAD) battalions and in coordination with divisional ADA.

2-24. Maneuver warfare seeks to employ forces to achieve position advantage over the enemy. This is central to Army operations. Tactical mobility is an essential prerequisite to conducting maneuver. The corps ADA brigade supports corps maneuver through the mobility of its units and may conduct maneuver in its own right against enemy air forces. AMD missions must provide for mobile AMD defenses that cover maneuvering forces. Mobility is achieved not only by inherent fire unit capabilities and weapons crew proficiency, but also by their synchronization with supported force operations.

2-25. AMD operations must be integrated by means of positive and procedural controls into the theater air defense system and the theater airspace control plan. Lateral integration of AMD defenses with adjacent joint and combined force AMD defenses is also a requirement. The Air Defense Artillery Employment Principles illustration in Figure 2-2 shows how the principles work together to support the AMD plan.

2-26. In contrast to the brigade, ADA battalion operations orient primarily on designing specific AMD defenses to meet assigned mission requirements. To do this, battalion planners consider the threat to the defended asset, the needs of the defended force, weapon system capabilities, and defense design options. To mass AMD fires anywhere means to accept risk somewhere else. ADA employment guidelines offer the defense design planner options for positioning fire units based on the probability that an enemy air attack on the defended asset will follow a certain avenue of approach. In situations where enemy use of a certain ingress route is predictable, AMD defenses can be arrayed in depth along that route. If the enemy can attack from any direction, then AMD defenses must be balanced to cover all avenues of approach.

2-27. Defense in depth is feasible where terrain or other factors clearly canalize air attacks into a definable air avenue of approach (AAA). Defense in depth positions AMD fire units so that the air threat comes under an increasing volume of fire as it approaches the protected asset or force. For the TMD fight, a vertical defense in depth is achieved through the employment of THAAD and Patriot weapon systems for the two-tier defense.

2-28. Weighted coverage is achieved by combining and concentrating fires toward the most likely enemy AAA. A weighted coverage defense accepts some tactical risk in other directions to weight coverage toward another direction.

2-29. Early engagement defense positions fire units not only along a likely AAA, but far enough out to engage the threat before their ordnance release line or target acquisition. If sufficient fire units have been allocated to the mission, an early engagement defense is normally part of an AMD defense in depth.

2-30. Mutual support positions fire units close enough to cover the dead zones of adjacent fire units. Mutual support enables adjacent fire units to mass fires and to protect each other.

2-31. Overlapping fires engage targets within range of an adjacent AMD fire unit. Overlapping fires enables units to mass fires, but not to protect each other.

2-32. Balanced fires maximize the ability of an AMD defense to meet a threat attack from any direction. It is achieved by positioning fire units to deliver equal volumes of fire into all AAA. The number of available fire units normally prevents balanced fires defense from massing fires or engaging targets early. Balanced Fires is advisable when enemy AAA cannot be reliably predicted.

2-33. As the air and missile defense coordinator (AMDCOORD), the ADA brigade commander and representatives in the supported force CP are responsible for AMD planning. The AMDCOORD is an integral member of the commander’s staff planning team. The AMDCOORD assists in integrating counterair and TMD priorities into the force’s targeting process. He recommends active, passive, and other combined arms air defense measures in the air defense estimate. The AMDCOORD develops the air defense annex to the supported force’s operation plan.

2-34. The AMDCOORD also coordinates with AD elements at higher and lower echelons, as well as adjacent units. Coordination ensures integration of air defense coverage throughout the battlefield. This includes integration with joint or multinational counterair and theater missile defense participants. He may also be responsible for reconstitution activities of the brigade. He cross-levels brigade assets, soldiers, and equipment to ensure that air and missile defense coverage of the brigade remains integrated over the battlefield.

2-35. The theater commander or JFC focuses on translating national and theater military strategy into a campaign plan. Campaigns are sequences of major operations that arrange tactical, operational, and strategic actions to accomplish objectives. Thus, campaigns are inherently joint. One of the fundamentals of operational art is synergy by which the JFC organizes and combines his forces and action to achieve a concentration of combat power not only at the decisive time and place, but also in the decisive environment.

2-36. Certain functions are important to operational success, and these can cut across service lines and levels of command. For example, a tightly integrated air campaign serves to provide the JFC with dimensional superiority over the enemy and sets the stage for deep interdiction. The JFC can arrange either symmetrical actions, such as a land force engagement of another land force, or asymmetrical actions, such as a land force engagement of air forces. AMD operations are always asymmetrical and thus have operational significance. This requires the integration of AMD operations into the theater air defense plan. Figure 2-3 shows how ADA brigade operations support the overall theater campaign plan.

2-37. To ensure the integration of these critical functions, the JFC may establish functional commanders with command or coordinating authority. The figure shows a joint force organized with functional components rather than service components. The air, land, and naval component commanders in this example are respectively responsible for joint force operations within the air, land, and naval environments. They may also be service component commanders. The JFC may establish support or command relationships between service component elements and functional component commanders. It is important to note that though there are doctrinal norms, the authority of functional commanders is specified by the JFC

2-38. AD plans must be coordinated at all levels to ensure proper integration. The corps commander accomplishes this by delegating coordinating authority to the corps AMDCOORD. Elsewhere within the joint force, there are typically three key decision-makers who coordinate the AD function in the airspace environment: the JFACC, the AADC, and the airspace control authority (ACA). Although organization is based on functional and METT-TC considerations, the AFFOR commander may perform the JFACC, AADC, and ACA functions.

2-39. When functionally organized, air operations are commanded by the JFACC. The JFACC normally exercises OPCON of the forces of his own service and is the supported commander for joint air operations. The JFC normally commands forces through service component lines, but the contributions of the elements of other service elements made available can be coordinated via a joint support relationship or under a command relationship, which is usually tactical control (TACON).

2-40. The AADC is responsible to the JFC for theater air defense. The AADC develops the procedural and positive controls that guide active AD operations throughout the joint force, including Army corps. The AADC may also be given OPCON or TACON of air or ground based active AD assets. The JFC specifies this authority. Depending on whether the main effort for active AD is force protection or DCA attrition, EAC ADA brigades may be OPCON to the AADC or may be in a joint support role. The AADC promulgates the current joint force air defense warning and weapons control status.

2-41. The JFC will designate an ACA to regulate the use of airspace in the joint operations area. Proper airspace control not only protects the force but also facilitates rapid identification of enemy air/missile targets. It can shape the airspace through the effective use of airspace control measures. The ACA is the proponent for the JFACC Airspace Control Order (ACO) and has authority to approve all airspace means, including the missile engagement zone (MEZ) for the corps.

2-42. FM 3-01 outlines joint counterair doctrine and the ADA role in it. Counterair operations enable joint offensive air operations by defeating enemy air attacks through joint air defense and interdiction against enemy air assets and supporting infrastructure. Counterair operations continue throughout all phases of the theater campaign until the air threat is eliminated. The purpose of the counterair mission is to attain a desired degree of air superiority to allow freedom of action and protect the force. In the initial phases of theater operations, including entry of the forces into theater, counterair operations play a decisive role in force protection. Only after air superiority is established can the interdiction aspect of the air campaign be initiated. Counterair operations include both offensive and defensive actions. The corps AMDCOORD is responsible to vertically integrate the corps and theater counterair plan within his AO.

2-43. Offensive counterair operations (OCA) attack enemy air capabilities in the air and on the ground. Examples include airfields and forward operating bases, C³ nodes, logistics and infrastructure elements, and electronic warfare assets. The corps AMDCOORD works with the corps G3 Air, the DOCC, and the BCD in some cases, to nominate OCA targets that support corps AD operations. Examples of this can include helicopter and fixed wing forward operating basis and C² nodes. Deep attack assets available to the corps include ATACMS, multiple-launch rocket systems (MLRS), attack helicopters, USAF ground attack aircraft, and special operations forces (SOF).

2-44 Defensive counterair operations (DCA) include both passive and active air defense activities. The ADA brigade conducts active AD, but the AMDCOORD recommends passive AD measures for the force as a whole. Passive AD measures seek to minimize the probability of being acquired by enemy air assets. It also reduces the effects of the air attack after acquisition. Examples include hardening and dispersal of assets, camouflage, signal security (SIGSEC), NBC defensive measures, and attack warning. The objective of active AD activities is to destroy enemy aircraft and missiles and disrupt air and missile attacks. The JFACC may employ both ground based AMD and air superiority fighters.

2-45. At the operational level, the Army contributes to the theater counterair operations and to theater missile defense. Army combined arms forces provide support for OCA, DCA, and TMD active defense and attack operations. AMD units conduct DCA and TMD operations and help integrate contributions to CA and TMD by other members of the combined arms team. They protect priority forces and assets in the theater base according to the JFC’s and JFLCC’s counterair and theater missile defense priorities.

2-46. The objective of air defense operations at the tactical level is to protect corps and division forces as they plan and execute battles and engagements. AMD forces control the air environment over the theater, corps, and divisions; protect priority forces and assets from attack and surveillance; provide freedom to maneuver; and destroy enemy aircraft and missiles in the air. Every participant in Army air defense--AMD, maneuver, fire support, aviation, and intelligence--has a role in achieving those objectives, as do the joint forces which support corps and division operations. Figure 2-4 depicts AMD tactical and operational objectives.

2-47. Operational art links success in tactical engagements and battles with strategic aims. The aspects of battle dynamics establish this relationship: battle command; battlespace; depth and simultaneous attack; early entry, lethality and survivability; and combat service support (CSS).

2-48. Operational protection conserves the fighting potential of a force so that it can be applied at the decisive time and place. Operational protection includes actions taken to counter the enemy’s firepower and maneuver by making soldiers, systems, and operational formations difficult to detect, strike, and destroy. Operational protection pertains to forces everywhere in the theater of war or operations. Operational protection includes, but is not limited to the following activities.

• Providing operational air defense
• Conducting deception
• Protecting operational forces and means
• Employing OPSEC
• Providing security for forces and means
• Conducting rear operations including combating terrorism
• Conducting risk assessments
• Planning for possible response or use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

2-49. The JFC identifies the main effort for air operations in terms of an apportionment decision where percentages of available air and AD assets are apportioned to the various missions of strategic attack, interdiction, close air support (CAS), counterair, and maritime support. The JFACC must--but the JFLCC and JFNCC may--submit apportionment recommendations to the JFC. Apportionment impacts on AMD operations because the JFACC may seek to compensate for a lack of apportioned DCA assets with taskings to ground AMD units. The corps or EAC TAAMDCOORD can develop recommendations for apportionment to be provided by the Army service component commander (ASCC) or JFLCC to the JFC.

2-50. Priorities are often confused with missions, but they lack most of the specifics of a valid mission statement. AD priorities, like airpower apportionment, are tools used by the JFC and subordinate commanders to establish the overall priorities of effort for the joint force. At the brigade level, they are described in terms of a critical combat function such as maneuver or an activity such as a river crossing, rather than a specific asset. The AMDCOORD develops AD priorities for the commander. AD doctrine outlines four criteria for developing AD priorities:

• Criticality: how critical is the asset/function to the operations?
• Vulnerability: how easily can the asset/function be damaged by air and missile attack or observed by aerial sensors?
• Recuperability: if attacked, how easily can the asset/function be restored?
• Threat: does the enemy desire to attack this asset/function?

2-51. Once the AD priorities have been approved, the AMDCOORD develops the AMD mission. Figure 2-6 illustrates how the AMDCOORD develops AMD missions.